After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the Arab - Israel conflict began. Over the years, as conflict intensified, it gradually shifted from large Arab - Israel problems to more personal Israel - Palestinian conflict. The problem of separating the two aspects is mainly based on the territorial issue of secular beliefs. The Zionist believed that God made a deal with the Jews and was brought back to the land of Canaan or to the promised land of the Bible (Christian Zionists sympathize with the Jews according to their common background). After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the colonization of the European countries in the region, the Middle East experienced many problems in the early 20th century. After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, countries in this region brought some features to the new successor country, in particular popularism and genetics. (Cronin, 2013) Thus colonial countries were forced to reform in order to suppress the excess power of former regime. These reforms were introduced to rectify the abuse of power and to force the military to establish a European model. (Cronin, 2013) Army officials now integrate the ideals of European nationalism, constitutionalism and socialism, making them the most extreme group in society. (Khadduri, 1953) If politicians fail, the military will overthrow them and effectively authorize the military. (Khadduri, 1953) Like all empires, the Ottoman Empire is a multiethnic country. At one point, it extended from the gate in the north of Vienna to Mecca in the south. From the eleventh century to the collapse of World War I, the Ottoman Empire included a historical Armenian region. By the beginning of the 20th century, the country was largely confined to the Middle East. But the rulers still govern heterogeneous societies, maintaining a system that is forced by the state and its officials of secondary Christians and Jews as Muslims, especially Turkish background systems, as secondary citizens ing. Discriminatory laws and regulations Religion, Islam

The economic life of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire was the rule of the Jews of the world. Why are all Jews wealthy? People in Turkey raised such a problem. Many conspiracy theories were made and attracted people's attention. In other words, this question created many question marks in people's mind. It is difficult to find out who will rule the indigenous papers of the world, but it is clear that Jews are always in a special position in different countries at all times. The Armenians are "Jews of the Ottoman Empire". They are rich and influential as Jews succeed in becoming essential to Turkish hegemony. They learned the language of the Near East. They have mastered accounting and bookkeeping. They understand inside and outside the empire's activities. What else can they do? But during the First World War, this success made them the focus of the masses' resentment. These Armenian Christian girls are symbolically crucified In his book on the Ottoman Empire, Stanford Shaw insisted that the minority status of the Ottoman Empire is far better than what they call a country. They were deported to the Ottoman Empire who lives happily. A speech in the British Parliament by Sir 1835 Macquarie was a verbal word for the public's support for the need for such governments to keep intensely attacking foreign countries in order to make the bank a necessary atmosphere for looting fraud It may be an explanation. After the first invasion of the Indian subcontinent, this is his report: When analyzing the Islamic identity of the Ottoman Empire, it is important to remember that the majority of the population of the Empire is not a Muslim. Orthodox Christians, a large community of Jews and Catholics live in the Empire. At some point, Muslims formed a minority of the Empire population. In the history of the empire, non-Muslims have never been forced to obey any Muslim law. Instead, a religious pluralism system called the Xiaomi system was implemented. In the millet system, each religious group is organized in millet or country

Summary of workers in Altman debt management The main purpose of this document is to investigate the staff of Duyun-umumyeyedaresi (OPDA after Ottoman debt management), the main authority of the Ottoman government. This article is in two parts. In the first half, we will explain the political and economic situation of the Ottoman Empire just like the Europe in which OPDA was founded. The second part will explain the labor force participating in OPDA. The first part of the Ottoman Empire and the establishment of OPDA During the past two centuries, the Ottoman Empire was faced with various crises. Ottoman Empire: 1299-1453 In the 13th century, the nomadic nomadic Turkish named Ertogrul dominated the majority of Northwest Anatolia. The name of the Ottoman Empire comes from his son Ottoman (r. 1280-1324); Ottoman is the Italian rot of the Ottoman. As the Seljuk Dynasty and other Turkish dynasties, the Ottoman Empire relied on Guts' warriors as the basis for its military strength. Gazi Warrior is an egalitarian society that acquired leadership through courage and fighting achievements. They practiced a code of conduct (futuwwa) similar to the Order of the Medieval knights of the West. The Ottoman Empire transformed into Sunnis Muslims regards himself as a Muslim guardian. Ottoman married the daughter of Sufi Shake, the owner of one of the many Sufi orders founded in Asia Minor. Sufi shaykhs are often spiritual leaders of the Ottoman society Muslim of the Osterman Empire. The Ottoman Empire is an Islamic government that started in Anatolia early in the 14th century. Prior to the emergence of the empire, Islam was founded in Anatolia, but during the 14th and 16 th centuries religion expanded with the conquest of the Balkans and the central Hungarian Ottoman Empire. This does not mean that the unity of the population is Muslim. In many parts of the Ottoman Empire, especially the Balkans, Christians make up the majority of the population, even Muslims are majority groups, there are usually non-residents other than Muslims. Unlike some ruler of Western Europe, the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire did not try to strengthen religious unity. But Islam is a dominant religion, the political structure of the empire reflects this fact. On the Balkans, several Christian groups served as military support personnel in the 16th century.

The dominant elite of the Ottoman Empire is unique as they are influences of foreign countries, shaping their perceptions and shaping how they express their identity. This is because they are Devirshirme and adopt the child taxation system. They will work in the court service or the Janissary military system. Their status as the dominant elite is bitter, full of strengths and weaknesses. Janissaries founded a strong interest group that allows them to project their power to Sudan and people. One of their biggest youth legacy in the Ottoman Empire was their behavior. The use of news as a tool for political criticism is also due to the innovation of the young Ottoman Empire. In addition, by using terms such as vatan ("Motherland") and hürriyet ("Freedom"), major young Ottomans like Namık Kemal are strong in the late Ottoman Empire by giving new meanings to the free terms We will provide nationalists and liberal groups. Ideology expression empire In the early history of the Ottoman Empire, political factions within Byzantine used Ottoman Turks and Jews as mercenaries in their own struggle for the superiority of the Empire. In the 1340's, looters supported the Ottoman Empire making an excuse for invading Thracia on the northern border of the Byzantine Empire in the Ottoman Empire. The conquest of Thrace made the Ottoman Empire stand in Europe, the battle of the future of the Balkans and Greece began and in 1366 Fort Adriano (Edirne) became the capital of the Ottoman Empire. In the next century the Ottoman Empire developed Anatolia and the empire embracing more and more of the Byzantine territory of eastern Europe and Asia

In 1550, the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, Kanunî Sultan Süleyman, wanted a building that could compete with the ancient empire. He regards himself as "Second Solomon" and I would like to write his name in the history book with his and his empire's representative building. He instructed his chief architect Mimar Sinan to design a new building called Süleymaniye named after Sultan. As the building is under construction, Mimar will continue to test the acoustics so that the builder can adjust the dome accordingly. The way he uses to ascertain the sound is to blow into a suction tube (called Nargill) and see how the sound of the bubble echoes. This made it possible for him to sit beneath the compound. Of course, the rumor told Sudan that his architect took a pipeline of peace in the sanctuary. Sudan who heard the news rushed to the building and asked why the architects had to hurt religious space. Before the end of 1399, Timur and the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid me and Egyptian Mamluk Sultan Nasir-Adin Faraj began the war. Bayezid began merging the territory of the Anatolian Turkmen and Muslim rulers. When Timur insisted Turkmen's ruler sovereign, they took a hiding place behind him. Then Timur turned his attention to Syria and fired Aleppo and Damascus. In addition to craftworkers deported to Samarkand, residents of the city were slaughtered. Timur killed Hasan ibn Ali and Yazid I killed Husayn ibn Ali as Husayan Caliph Muawiyah as the reason for his massacres of the inhabitants of Damascus

Among my various sources, I will explain their importance to that topic and how they can help me to answer that topic. The Ottoman Empire of Adriane Ruggiero offered me a detailed and diverse look of the Ottoman Empire. This book contains various eras made by the Ottoman Empire. And it dates back to Seljuk Turkish who first entered Anatolia until the Empire was formed. As Heather Millar explored Spain, the emergence of Spain in the 15th and 16th centuries was understood as the world's greatest powers. Transformation of the Ottoman Empire is also known as the age of conversion and constitutes the era in the history of the Ottoman Empire. From 1550 to c 1700, from the end of the reign of Emperor Suleiman, to the end of the Holy Roman war to the Cowwitts Treaty. This era is characterized by numerous dramatic political, social and economic changes that the empire has transformed into a bureaucratic empire that supports the justice and acts as a guardian of the Sunni Islam from the expandingist state It was attached. It is on. These changes are mainly due to a series of political and economic crises in the late 16th and early 17th centuries caused by inflation, war and political factions. But despite these crises the empire remains strong both politically and economically and continues to adapt to changing world challenges. Between 1450 and 1800, two powerful empires were under construction. These two empires are the Ottoman Empire and the Spanish Empire. During their empire construction, the Ottoman Empire and the Spaniards had many similarities in political, social and economic problems. The similarity between these empires is that they all have a certain type of slavery. Even if they have something in common, there are many differences between these empires. While establishing their own empire, the Spaniards are in common with the Ottoman Empire that they use the army to expand their influence and control. During the reign of Emperor Suleiman, the Ottoman Empire pushed the Ottoman border to Egypt and Persia. The Ottoman Empire keeps pushing the borders to manage the trade route and to help the economy by spreading Muslims. The Ottoman Empire used their pastors and their well-trained foreigners to capture the land. They occupied so much land that they inherited the Mamluk Navy as well as the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea navy. Like the Ottoman Empire, the Spaniards used their troops to promote their religion and to enrich their trade. Their navy, Spanish invincible fleet is very skilled. The Spanish conquerors conquered America as a Spanish colony. The Spanish Empire used their troops to expand in the Americas, but the Ottoman Empire used their troops to expand to Europe, Asia and Africa.

In the beginning of the 16th century, the power of the Ottoman Empire exhausted Europe from the pursuit of using territory, indigenous peoples they acquire, and natural objects. From Algiers, the Barbarossa brothers along the North African coast began harassing and deterring in the Mediterranean. When private enterprise activities against Spain ceased, what I personally looked at elsewhere continued their skills and I found a house with Barbarossa brothers. (Thomas, Woodward, 2004) Finally, Europe signed a treaty to conclude an ongoing war with Burberry countries and to provide relative safety in watersheds. In the 16th century the Ottoman Empire became a serious threat to the major powers of Europe, the Ottoman ship wiped out the possession of the Venezia in the Aegean Sea and the Ionian waters, and the Burberry pirates supported by the Ottoman occupied the Spaniards of Maghreb . Property French Protestant Reform - Habsburg family competition and the conflict of many internal Roman Empire pulled Christians away from the Ottoman Empire. At the same time, the Ottoman Empire had to fight the Persian Safavid Empire, and not much but defeated Mamour Kuttan which was completely integrated into the Empire. From the late 16th century to the beginning of the 17th century, Spain faced cruel problems from all sides. With the support of the rapidly growing Ottoman Empire, Burberry pirates confused many coastal lives with slavery attacks and a new threat of Islamic invasion. Spain often fought against France. In the middle of the war and epidemic 17th century Europe, the Spanish Hapsburg dynasty had problems with religious and political conflicts across the continent. These conflicts depleted resources and generally weakened the economy. According to Robert Davis, between the 16th and the 19th century, 1-25 million Europeans were captured by Burberry pirates and sold as slaves to North Africa and the Ottoman Empire. But to guess his figure, Davies believes that the number of European slaves of Burberry pirate prisoners has not changed for 250 years, and said: "How many men, women and children are slaves There is no record of what will be done, but it is possible to keep the population stable and calculate the number of fresh prisoners necessary to replace their slaves who die, escape, redeem or convert to Islam Based on that, it is thought that about 8,500 new slaves are needed every year to supplement the numbers from 1580 to 1680. There were about 850,000 prisoners of war in this century, but in the 250 years from 1530 to 1780 In between, this number will be as much as 1.25 million people.

In about 400 years, Western Europe settlers and famous historical figures are known for exploiting and destroying distant cultures and civilizations throughout the world. This includes Aborigines and Aztecs from remote areas 'New World' to East Asian groups such as China and Mughal. But historians today discuss whether these superior and prosperous Western European countries have successfully influenced the culture of empire empires such as the Ottoman Empire. (Iv) Explain the main reasons for the next important turning point in world history from 1450 to 1750 and explain the main influences. reform In the conquest of the Arab land in the 16th century, the Ottoman Empire (1300-1923) began to dominate some of the major hinterlands of the West Indian Ocean Trade. However, this expansion confronted the Ottoman Empire with Portuguese trying to establish monopoly with advantageous spice trade. Participation by the Ottoman Empire in the first half of the 16th century was limited to the western half of the Indian Ocean, but in the latter half of the 16th century the Sultan of Southeast Asia and the Ottoman Empire have formed an alliance. Meaning The participation of the Ottoman Empire into the Indian Ocean was resumed in the nineteenth century, which was also a response to colonial activities in Europe. At the same time, commercial and religious relations, in particular the pilgrimage, mean that only limited coastal areas are dominated, but the Ottoman Empire plays an important role in the Indian Ocean. In Africa and the Ottoman Empire, the expansion of Muslims took place in North Africa and East Africa. In West Africa, there are various local countries. The civilization of the Indian Empire and Southeast Asia is an important part of perfume trading. There is the Great Mughal Empire on the Indian subcontinent. The archipelago empire, Sultan of Melaka, Sultan of Johor later control the southern region. In Asia, the various Chinese dynasties and the Japanese shogunate dominate the Asian territory. In Japan, Edo period was also called modern times from 1600 to 1868. In North Korea from the morning of the Joseon Dynasty to the ascension of the King of Kaohsiung, it was called Early Modern. In the Americas, the Native American established a large and diverse civilization, including the alliance with the Aztec empire, the Inca civilization, the Mayan Empire and the city, and the Tibetan Federation.

The Ottoman Empire is the largest and most powerful empire ever. In the 17th century, it included 32 states and dozens of vassal states, some of which were later occupied by the empire and some were powered. The Ottoman Empire is the center of all trade between the West and the East, and has a history of more than six centuries. When Selim Suleiman is known as Suleiman, Magnificent is the ruler, it is at its highest point. He brought a lot of victories to the empire and grew it faster and faster. Between 1500 and 1750, there were three major empires in the southwest corner of the Asian continent. The Ottoman Empire is the most powerful, the carpet made by the Persian Empire is beneficial, and the Mughal Empire has established a trade alliance with the West. What these three things share in common is Islamic faith, which is bound by Kouranic's poetry, their common love and devotion to Allah. There are two main Islam, Sunni and Shiites. Sunni Muslims are the largest sect, followed by Shiites, and the number of their followers has drastically decreased. Empire created by Turkish tribes of the Ottoman Empire, Anatolia (Asia Asia) became one of the most powerful countries in the 15th and 16th centuries in the world. For over 600 years, the Ottoman Empire was replaced in 1922 with the successor countries of the Republic of Turkey, Southeastern Europe and the Middle East. At that height, the empire includes most of the gates from Southeast Europe to Vienna, including today's Hungary, Balkans, Greece, a part of Ukraine, and some of the Middle East now includes Iraq, Syria, Israel, Egypt, North Africa From Algeria, and the majority of the Arabian Peninsula. The word Ottoman comes from the Ottoman Empire I (Arabic: 'Uuman), the chief of the Turkmen nomads who established the dynasty and the empire around 1300. The Ottoman Empire - the Ottoman Empire is the last of the Turkish Muslim empire series. It spreads out of Little Asia since about 1300 and eventually includes the majority of the Middle East, the majority of North Africa, and parts of Europe, including modern Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Hungary, Romania and Yugoslavia. In the Middle East, the Ottoman Empire ruled Syria, Palestine, Egypt, the Arabian Peninsula, and Iraq. Only Persia (Iran) and the eastern part of the Arabian Peninsula have not yet dominated the Ottoman Empire. The empire reached the Black Sea and entered the Caucasus of Central Asia including Allemena. The Ottoman Army was at the gate of Vienna, and in 1683 he was repelled a second time by the height of expansion on land. The map below shows the scope of the Ottoman Empire in 1683

Sultan Ahmed From 1603 to 1617, I was the ruler of the Ottoman Empire. He is concerned about the ongoing war and civil war after the death of Sudan. Sudan's sons will inevitably wage war with arguments Ahmed's strange solution to this problem is that he will no longer allow his son to become active in the government. They are basically prisoners of the palace until they rule. In this spirit, the future Sudanese learn only to enjoy the luxury of the court life, not to learn the skills necessary to manage the empire. This policy will always produce a completely incompetent ruler who can not rule such a huge empire. This also means that Sudan no longer leads their troops in the war that produced a group of elite soldiers no longer in the Empire. The lack of a strong Central Leadership brings about government corruption and bribery and further weakened the political regime. With the rise of incompetent central government, local governments and local governments have acquired more autonomy and authority. As the various parts of the empire do not believe that Sudan will protect their interests, they begin to exercise their authority. This brought about a serious decline in Istanbul tax revenue. As incomes declined, the government became incompetent and the troops suffered losses. It all occurred in the second century, consistent with the rise of the European empire in England, France, Russia and Austria. At the present time, the Ottoman Empire has decayed for decades. The Ottoman Empire was clearly a weak association in the central government's struggle during the First World War, but it seemed that it was no longer a question of when their empires will collapse. When that happened, both Britain and France wanted to do rags in the Middle East. Part of France is located in the north of the row, including contemporary Lebanese and Syria, which are areas of traditional French traditional and religious interest. At the same time, the UK is partially below the border, including Haifa Harbor at Buffalo Port and modern Iraq and most ports in Jordan. The UK's priority is Iraqi oil, a way to transport oil through the Mediterranean. The European government has long believed that the Ottoman Empire is weak. But in France and the UK, the opposite of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, the empire can not break the war, and in 1915 divided the territory of Levant under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. Sykes and Georges-Picot are responsible for understanding that way. They have reached an agreement - I agreed that their ally Russia allowed Russia to rule the east Turkey of today. France will influence or dominate southern Turkey, Lebanon, today Syria and northern Iraq. The UK will dominate the current Jordan Negev desert from the west of Egypt and the corridor through today's Iraq and most of Kuwait. Today's northern and western shores of Israel will be international zones, the UK will dominate Haifa harbor

The real power and power that the Ottoman Empire has is not from itself, but from the weapons trading between the people they conquer and the Ottoman Empire and the East. As we all know, the wall of Constantinople in 1453 was the most powerful and strongest border in the world. A private seller from Western Europe (I do not remember his name) sold a mortar to the conquer Muhammad who could destroy Constantinople's wall. Businessmen actually provided this mortar to Constantine VI, but they did not need it as a city wall city. Indeed, they can use this to raid the city In addition, Byzantine troops actually passed large chains through the Bosphorus to stop the Ottoman ships. However, the Ottoman Empire pushed their boat to land to destroy the wall. Therefore, their superiority at the moment is brought only from the innovation of others and dishonorable behavior of "stupidity". When he acquired the capital of Constantinople, the Ottoman Empire fired a number of Greek Orthodox Church known as the most famous Agia Sophia, an icon once decorated with precious gold coins. Dedication to God. (See Hitler's attempt to climb the sacred mountain of Greece (Agios Oros)) Byzantium contains the unknown wealth of the church and the economy. These riches actually spread all over the world. But, of course Constantinople is the center of civilization. It is located between the three continents and is the center of all land and maritime trade. In the case of Constantinople, you have dominated international trade at that time. This made it possible to exchange notorious scents and luxury goods between the Ottoman Empire and Western Europe. Of course, all of these stolen golds could expand maritime trade, thereby increasing the weapon's abilities and strengths, as well as the better military and strategic position in the world for self-sufficiency and power I will. (Aspects do not have much development, looking at today's Istanbul satellite broadcasting and comparing it with Constantinople's paintings under Byzantine, which seems to have deteriorated under the rule of Muslims ) After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, you can also see the power of the Jalisco community of Saranica. After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the city of Thessaloniki was not portrayed as the city of Bulgaria or Turkey, but it was drawn as a city of Jews. In addition, Thessaloniki is called "New Jerusalem" and is named "Mother of Israel" and some historians claim that the Sabbath of the Jews "is receiving the strongest observation." In addition, many international organizations are considering the establishment of a new Jewish state instead of Palestine before the establishment of Israel. In the vast field of the Ottoman Empire there are certain language groups (Turkish is the official language, at least 35 minority languages), ethnic faith, faith. The Ottoman Empire governs one of the most diverse groups of successful governance. Despite these drawbacks, the Ottoman Empire has brought about the splendid diversity and persuasiveness of people, order, peace, stability, cultural continuity, and imperialistic perseverance. In order to maintain its status as a vibrant and sustainable empire, the Ottoman Empire assisted Germany in the First World War. They are hoping that Germany will be able to get redemption from competing foreign army invaders. Of course, along with the development of history, the Versailles Treaty of 1919 marked that ally such as the Ottoman Empire, which in fact was a loser that caused destruction and destruction of Germany and its First World War. The winners are mainly in the UK and France. On 2 November 1914, the Ottoman Empire went into World War I in the central government. The World War I Middle East theater became a place of action. Combatants were the Ottoman Empire, and the Allies received some assistance primarily from the UK and other central authorities in Russia. The young Turks counterattacked other parts

From the 18th century to the early 19th century, European influence became an important force in every aspect of the Ottoman Empire, Egypt and Iran. The reform of 'defensive developmentism', which was mainly created by Jervin, was originally aimed at concentrating the government to control and strengthen the army, but the actual effect was more extensive. This modernization process will have different impacts on different areas depending on different conditions and unique governance methods. In the 18th and 19th centuries, facing the rise of European economy and military power, the Ottoman Empire entered the era of government reform and Europeanization. Ottoman officials who know European languages ​​and support reform are promoted, and traditional Ottoman institutions like Ulama (religious scholars) are increasingly bypassed. Elsewhere, intellectuals and scholars seek to revive Arab culture, revitalize the identity of Arabia and Arab, and create primitive Arab nationalism. In 1916, the Arab riot that was supported by the British founded a short-lived Arab kingdom centered on Damascus. Arab nationalism was the movement to release and power the Middle Eastern Arabs, emerging in the late 19th century and inspired by other independent movements in the 18th and 19th centuries. Along with the decline of the Ottoman Empire, the Middle East was divided by the forces of Europe, and the Arabs tried to establish their own independent state, governed by Arabs rather than foreigners. Syria was established in 1920, Transjordan (later Jordan) gradually acquired independence from 1921 to 1946, Saudi Arabia was founded in 1932, gradually acquired independence from 1922 to 1952. The Arab League was founded in 1945 to promote Arab interests and cooperation among the new Arab countries. When the Ottoman Empire collapsed by its own weight from the 18th century to the 19th century, it became the battlefield of opposing European powers sandwiched between Russia and the Austrian Empire (see the "East Eastern problem"). When the First World War broke out, the Ottoman Empire was basically divided into influence balls by European forces, but the reform movement within the Ottoman Empire was active. The young Turks brought a revolution in 1908 and successfully introduced a wide range of citizens and social reforms. A series of wars occurred between Russia and the Ottoman Empire from the 18th century to the 19th century. By the end of the eighteenth century, the failure of some war with Russia concluded to some people of the Ottoman empire that the reform of Peter Daio gave benefits to the Russians, and the Ottoman empire pace of Western technology I had to go about it. To avoid further failure. Military reform of the Ottoman Empire began with Selim III (1789-1807). Selim III tried to modernize the army for the first time along the route of Europe. However, these efforts were partly hindered by recoil movements from religious leaders, but primarily from Janissary Corps, which was invalidated in anarchists. They blamed their privileges, decidedly opposed the change, and they caused the Janissary rebellion. Efforts by Selim lost his throne and life, but his successor, the energetic Mahmoud II, destroyed the Janissary Corps in 1826 and they solved problems in a spectacular and bloodlike way We resolved.

Nonetheless, the most advanced one is the most familiar to understand and define the many geopolitical structures that have existed since the Tim era. It is not an exaggeration to say that the Ottoman Empire is one of the longest, richest and most successful empires in the world history. The continuing power of 623 years that this empire was able to exercise, beginning in 1299 and establishing the Republic of Turkey in 1922, is incomparable, whether in Europe or the world did. In modern times, the Ottoman Empire enjoyed the expansion and integration of power, leading to Pax Ottomana. This may be the Golden Age of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire spread from the Southwest to North Africa and fought with the emerging Persian Shiva Vid emerging in the eastern part. In the highlands of Ethiopia, the Solomon Dynasty was established in the 13th century. Solominique descended directly from the ancient Axum royal family and ruled the area to modern history. In the 16th century, wrinkles and other Abyssinians were conquered by the power of Ahmed Gray of Adal Sultan in the northwest. The conquest of this region by Oromo ended with the contraction of Adal and Abyssinia, and the dynamics of the area changed after several centuries thereafter Ottoman business is fluid. Early modern trade and Mercantilism in the Sultan era were very different from highly institutionalized economic practices in the era of globalization. In the absence of an institutional framework considered a necessary condition for international business, companies are achieved through a number of informal cultural institutions, mainly Ottoman families. Merchants and craftsmen work on a larger trade network, entering distant areas across cities. These trade routes are actually social networks. It works through interactions between various business households, creating what is considered a "chain of exchanges" in communications and transactions.

While participating in the early modern European history curriculum, the two countries truly emphasized and maximized my interest. They are the Ottoman Empire and the early modern Europe. Comparing the Ottoman Empire from the 16th to the 18th century with modern Europe, there are many similarities and differences when looking at the state expansion. Also, if you look at the military and business of each state, you can see many of these comparisons. The Ottoman Empire existed before the 16th century and existed until the great depression from the 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century, but the whole country was watching. Furthermore, there is a demand and supply that consumers select what they need and what they want. This article also shows the evolution of the British economy into Mercantilist capitalism. Both articles had a big impact on the society in each state. Probably the best comparison is how the two countries will expand, develop and change the perspective during this time. The second comparative point is the role of religion during this period, the extent of the Protestant uprising in the latter part of the 15th century, and the recognition of the changes in the role of God and religion in society. The role of the millet system within the Ottoman Empire is equally important. In particular it is beyond the new land and expansion. The third comparison focuses on economic and tax habits of both countries and pays close attention to business, trade, industrial revolution and taxation. Finally, you can see the decline and change of the two major powers through important events, and how these events shape the future. At the end of the 18th century and the Vienna campaign did not show the end of the Ottoman Empire, it noticed the beginning of the collapse of this great country. Likewise, the French Revolution showed another change and development from early modern Europe to modern Europe. Europe does not control even its entrance. The Ottoman Empire continued to expand its empire rule in the early modern era, at the expense of Europe. The vast and diverse empire dominates Southeast Europe, almost all Middle East, and important strategic countries of Egypt (the entrance to the main trade route from Europe to the Indian Ocean). By insisting the religious authority of the caliphate, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire called him the heir of the Prophet Muhammad and successfully unified the ethnically diverse Muslim world. In 1453, the Ottoman empirically defeated the Europeans with Constantinople fighting using the latest military technology, huge cannon. As the home of the last Christian at the entrance to the Middle East was greatly lost, Europeans wanted access to the sea. Asia pioneered advantageous spice trade While participating in the curriculum of modern European history, the two countries truly emphasized and maximized my interest. They are the Ottoman Empire and the early modern Europe. Comparing the Ottoman Empire from the 16th to the 18th century with modern Europe, there are many similarities and differences when looking at the state expansion. Also, if you look at the military and business of each state, you can see many of these comparisons. The Ottoman Empire existed before the 16th century and existed until the great depression from the 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century, but the whole country was watching. From the late nineteenth century to the early twentieth century the rulers of the Middle East tried to modernize their country to compete more effectively with Europe. At the Ottoman Empire, Tanjimat reforms revitalized the control of the Ottoman Empire, was further promoted by the young Ottoman Empire at the end of 1976, and reached the first Constitution era, including the Constitution of 1876 and the writing of the Ottoman Empire of Parliament. It was founded. . The author of the Persian Revolution in 1906 tried to introduce the Western Constitutional Government, Civil

The Ottoman Empire reached the peak of influence in the 16th century. When other empires are experiencing decline, the power of the Ottoman Empire seems to be on the rise. Indeed, with its inherent strength, the internal organization of minorities and religions, this empire can be mentioned as the most powerful force. Because its physical extension supports more emphasis, providing more resources, more progress, more people, providing safety by its vast military force, reducing revolts, and other large Challenge power. During the 6th century the empire was at the center of the interaction between the East and the West. The Ottoman Empire was the only Islamic army that seriously challenged the rise of Western Europe from the 15th century to the 19th century. The capital of Istanbul (or Constantinople), the empire is in a sense an early Mediterranean empire - the successor of the Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire. Military reform of the Ottoman Empire began with Selim III (1789-1807). Selim III tried to modernize the army for the first time along the route of Europe. However, these efforts were partly hindered by recoil movements from religious leaders, but primarily from Janissary Corps, which was invalidated in anarchists. They blaspheming their privileges, resolutely opposed change and they caused a Janissary rebellion Like many other empires in human history, the Ottoman Empire seems to be everywhere. The rise of new hegemony often occurs as a result of the power vacuum left by the ancient empire when it enters political and cultural decline. The Turks or the future Ottoman Empire became a hegemon in the Middle East and Southeastern Europe, not only for their extraordinary political and military organization but also due to the depletion of the old Imperial Byzantine dynasty and the Abbasid dynasty. Compared to what other historians offer, Cemal Kafadar provides a more subtle and complex interpretation of the Ottoman early period. This highly creative vision of the Ottoman Empire, the longest political entity of human history in history, represents a shift of small frontier companies to a concentrated empire state that is both the world leader and the world leader. A successor to a Muslim. Eastern Roman Empire. This decline affected the foundation of the structure of the Ottoman Empire. It happens simultaneously with the rise of Europe. In the 17th century the Ottoman army began to lose its power. Europeans have acquired one polarity through trade with India and China and have penetrated the Ottoman market. Some trade agreements that do not encourage the Ottoman Empire, called surrender, give footprints of a positive trade policy to Europeans. Europeans began selling their goods in the empire at a very high price. The empire was soon lacking gold and silver

Janssaries Ottoman / Turkish Empire 's Janissaries is an elite company. From the end of the 14th century to 1826, the Ottoman resident forces. From the 15th century to the 16th century, their military power was highly respected and became a powerful force that can not be ignored in military and government management. January 2 is divided into three different sectors: cemaat, bölükhalki, segban. Janissary Corps was originally composed of Christian youths from the Balkans and converted to Muslim when it was elected to worship the Ottoman Empire. When Guts' soldiers fought for Islam, the greatest military asset of the Ottoman Empire was the troops and military of Christian soldiers. Originally created by Ohangaji in 1330, the priest is a Christian prisoner from the territory conquered. These believers trained under Muslim faith and trained by soldiers are forced to pay respect in the form of military every year. In response to Ghazi's aristocratic challenge, Murad I (1319-1389) has transformed the new military power into Sudan's elite army. They are remunerated for the loyalty they gained from the newly acquired land and are rapidly rising to fill the most important administrative agencies of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire of the military is changing. Janissaries is the center of the Ottoman army and the most effective military force in the world, but they gained more influence and received more franchise rewards. They were allowed to marry and let them transfer their first loyalty from the army to their families. In the 17th century, Janissaries took part in trade. The army of the Ottoman army has been replaced by recruits collected from unemployed people. Land compensation for old land sealing systems and soldiers riding in horses has been abandoned - military interests, feudal military aircraft are no longer suitable for hitting European power

The Ottoman Empire and the Mughal Empire are two of the most successful empires in history. However, they all have some similarities and differences. The two empires experienced difficult times, but at some point they also experienced periods of growth and prosperity. Both the Ottoman Empire and the Mughal Empire were forced to convert to Muslim, but the development of the Ottoman empire depended on their demanding military force, and the decline of the Mughal Empire is due to Aurangzeb's religious persecution and high taxation policy Met. Causes Because the Ottoman Empire and the Mughal Empire accepted other beliefs, all the people living in the empire lived peacefully. The Ottoman Empire gave freedom of worship ... Read more Babur expanded his kingdom by attacking Afghanistan and conquered Kabul in 21 years after power. Since then, he has crossed the mountains, entered Hindustan, attacked Delhi Sultan, beat them again and acquired their land. When he died in 1530, he conquered all the Hindustans and controlled the empire from Deccan to Turkestan. These different strategies to conquer the land helped the two empires to dominate the whole of Asia, and in the case of the Ottoman Empire, in some areas of Europe. There were two different reasons for decline in the Ottoman Empire and the Mughal Empire, but both were due to the leaders of those days. Despite the social and cultural achievements of Sulaiman, ruler of the Ottoman Empire, the Empire is losing ground. Suleiman killed his two sons and made a mistake. His third son, incompetent Serim II, inherited the throne. Suleiman set a pattern to acquire and master power for future Sultan. Every new Sudan habitually kills his brother. This custom produced a large number of vulnerable Sudanese who eventually brought destruction to the empire. Because India is mainly a country of Hindus, the stability of the emperor is Aurangzeb in this case, and it depends on people's support. Stability is impossible without their loyalty and cooperation. When Aurang came up on stage, he persecuted others apart from the tradition of religious tolerance. The religious policy of Aurangzeb weakened the foundation of the Mughal Empire and ended it. If the two empires are lined up, the Mughal Empire must be more successful than the Ottoman Empire. Through political, religious or cultural struggle, these empires rely on their emperor for guidance and control. These empires do not exist today, but their legacy still exists and has survived since. Their grand monuments and wonderful paintings are praised by people all over the world every day. The Ottoman Empire and the Mughal Dynasty proved to be more dominant than the rest of the world, and today they are also being educated and studied for educational purposes. The Ottoman Empire and the Mughal Empire are the two most successful empires in history. Compare and contrast the introduction of the Ottoman empire and the Mughal empire. However, they all have some similarities and differences. The two empires experienced difficult times, but at some point they also experienced periods of growth and prosperity. Both the Ottoman Empire and the Mughal Empire were forced to convert to Muslim, but the development of the Ottoman empire depended on their demanding military force, and the decline of the Mughal Empire is due to Aurangzeb's religious persecution and high taxation policy Met. Causes Because the Ottoman Empire and the Mughal Empire accepted other beliefs, all the people living in the empire lived peacefully. The Ottoman Empire gave freedom of worship to other religious groups, mainly Christians and Jews. They regard these communities as millet or country. Allow each millet to follow their own religious laws and customs In the Mughal Empire there are two types of discord religion, Hinduism and Islam. Both Safavid and the Ottoman Empire are Islamists. This division of the Mughal dynasty made it more difficult to control. Akbar created a system tha

The Ottoman government is an absolute monarchy that lost contact with people over time. It also lacks inheritance rules, and history shows a lack of political turmoil and power leading to monarch / leader's death. (Other examples - Roman Emperor, Early Muslim Caliphate Prophet, Caliph Muhammad etc) Leaders are Sultan, endorsed by the bureaucrat and endorsed by the Minister. Leaders like Suleiman the Magnificent have expanded the power of the Ottoman Empire through trade advantage; Istanbul is an important trading city in the center of the Ottoman Empire. However, the Ottoman refused because of the inheritance problem, rapid expansion of the border, farmer uprising, and instability caused by economic problems due to war. Religiously, the Ottoman Empire is very tolerant. The Ottoman Empire is a Sunni Muslim - a Muslim believer. With the Qur'an in mind, Christians and Jews are considered to be people of books and are highly respected, or at least acceptable. Safavid Empire was formed in modern Iraq, Iran, part of Afghanistan. Like the Ottoman Empire, Safavid expanded to the west with their army. The most famous Shah was Abbas the Great, hired Persians to bureaucrats and organized armies of troops conquered like the Ottoman Empire and their homeless. . Like the Ottoman Empire, Safavid suffered a series of weak leaders, and the domestic struggle to control the empire brought more weakness. After all, Safavids went to the hands of Afghanistan's attackers. Religiously, the Safavi people are in accordance with the Shi'ites of Islam, unlike the Sunni Ottomans. Religious leaders and teachers will help Muslim spread throughout the empire. They are not as tolerant as non-Shi'a Muslims. Another major difference between the Ottoman Empire and the Spanish Empire is the religious aspect. The Ottoman Empire is the Islamic Empire and the Spanish Empire is the Christian Empire. The difference in this religion is very important as most governments and societies are managed by religion during this time. If the two empires have different religions, this will also bring some other differences between them. This is because religion is very influential on the government. Because the Ottoman Empire follows Islam, their law is based on the Islamic Code and is called the Islamic law. Laws and regulations covers many topics including crime, politics, economy. Because the Spaniards are Christians, this is different from the Spanish Empire. In other words, the Spanish empire is strongly influenced by the Roman Catholic church. Religion is one of the biggest differences between Spain and the Ottoman Empire. In the social aspect, the Spanish Empire and the Ottoman Empire are very strict religious empires. Spaniards are strict Catholics (probably generous). Likewise, the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire is a devout Muslim. The Spaniards spread Christianity throughout the United States and converted indigenous peoples into boys ranked highest among the poorest villages by the Ottoman Empire. However, as the Ottoman embraces other religions, the two empires are actually different. The Ottoman embrace other religions because Ottoman Turks can defend themselves from resistance and rebellion by permitting Christians and Jews to practice their religion freely. One of the main differences between the two empires is the reason for their expansion and conquest. The Spanish Empire expanded to further promote trade, the Ottoman Empire expanded its military rule. The financial base is weak and can not benefit from trade, so the attempts by Spain to improve trade have begun to decline.

Constantinople is the newly discovered Christian capital of the eastern Roman Empire, also known as the Byzantine Empire. In the long history, there were various attacks on the religious capital. In 1123, Constantinople was a strong city ruled by Byzantine, but there was some discontent. I tried to overthrow many attacks and sieges, but most people failed. Ultimately the city fell to the Ottoman Empire eventually was not until 1453. The Byzantine Empire has long dominated the politics and culture of the Eastern Mediterranean. However, in the 14th century, it almost completely collapsed into the tributary of the Ottoman empire, centered around Constantinople and some enclaves of Greek city. By the collapse of Constantinople in 1453, the Byzantine Empire was extinguished forever. In the 14th century the Bulgarian empire began to decline The advantage of Serbia is that Serbia beat the Bulgarians in the fight of Vel Bazar in 1330. By 1346, the Serbian king Stefan de Saint was proclaimed to the emperor. But the Serbian rule was short-lived, the Serbian army led by Lazare Fresbrenovich in 1389 was lost to the Ottoman Empire in the Kosovo campaign, the majority of Serbian aristocrats were murdered, the southern by the Ottoman Empire, and the Bulgaria Most of the southern part was occupied. That area became the territory of the Ottoman Empire. 1371 The collapse of Constantinople - The collapse of Constantinople is the prisoner of the Byzantine Empire after the siege of the Ottoman Empire under the direction of the 21 - year - old Ottoman Empire Sultan Mehmet II. Byzantine emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos coach. The Italian Renaissance - the Italian Renaissance started in Italy from the end of the 13th century to the 16th century and was the earliest manifestation of the European Renaissance, symbolizing the relationship between the Middle Ages and early modern times. Transition Europe

In fact, there are few things to do. According to legend, art, faith, and architecture are actually a little durable in fact. The architecture can be defined as the construction of the building project and the practice of the design. However, Islamic architecture has a unique religious and secular style and is influenced by Islamic culture. In addition, Islamic building structures used in mosques, tombs, palaces and fountains are a must-see. The relationship between the early Muslim architecture and the foundation of modern architecture explains the detailed outline of Islamic culture in Iran, Tunisia, India, Turkey. The construction of the Ottoman Empire was influenced by Persian, Byzantine Greece, Islamic architecture. During the rise, during the early or first Ottoman period, the Ottoman art was searching for new ideas. The growth of the empire became the classical era of architecture, the art of the Ottoman Empire was the most confident. However, during the stagnation, the construction of the Ottoman empire departed from this style. During the tulip era, it was influenced by the very decorative style of Western Europe; Baroque, Rococo, Empire and other styles were mixed. The concept of Ottoman architecture mainly focuses on mosques. Mosques are indispensable for society, urban planning, and community life. In addition to the mosque, there are examples of Ottoman architecture in soup kitchen, seminary, hospital, hammam, tomb etc. Istanbul is known for its mosques and Ottoman architecture. Istanbul has been the capital city of the Ottoman Empire since 1453, and is the largest city in Turkey with more than 3000 mosques. This will determine which visits are overwhelming, but due to their architectural characteristics and historical background, there are seven most important mosques. This outstanding mosque was built by the famous Ottoman architect Mimaru Shinan in the 16th century for the magnificence of Sultan Suleiman. It is supported by semicircular buildings by Byzantine Church of Hagia Sophia converted to Hagia Sophia Mosque.

To read the whole article you need to be a print + archive subscriber or have already purchased access to the online archive. During the past several centuries the Balkan Peninsula has become the least frequent in Europe due to the Ottoman Empire Frequently Ottoman War and Ottoman opposition to the mainstream of peripheral and economic development in the Balkans Peninsula (European Business Shift And the political focus on the Atlantic Ocean). According to the developed part Halilİnalcık, "According to estimation, the population of the Balkan Peninsula decreased to 3 million in the mid-18th century from the highest of 8 million in the second half of the 16th century.The estimate is based on the Ottoman literature. " Therefore, the Ottoman Empire expanded to Southeastern Europe in the 14th and 15th centuries. It is hard to decide on dates, as it depends on the Balkans you are in, and the lots of fields that they lose, conquer, and fail after conquering. In essence, people talk about the control of the Ottoman Empire of the Balkans, from the 14th century to the 19th century, or from the 15th century to the 20th century, depending on what you are talking about in the Balkans. So this is 500 years. Prior to this, you were fighting Byzantine rule with other orthodox Christian medieval kingdoms in the bulk of the Balkans. You are changing the territorial alliance between the orthodox countries, but they are really confused. When the Ottoman Empire moved, they fell into a vacuum of force in many ways. They entered through the league and actually married Christians.

The first empires of the three empires began in Mesopotamia, the Nile Valley and the Yellow River Basin. Empires are often not created. In some cases, from the formation of the empire, we move from the same regional ruler to another ruler. For example, the Persian Empire came from the conquest and merger of Egypt, Midi, Babylon and Lydia, which constitute the western part of Asia. Then the Persians defeated the Greeks under the rule of Alexander the Great, occupied West Asia and spread Hellenistic culture to India. Between 1500 and 1750, there were three major empires in the southwest corner of the Asian continent. The Ottoman Empire is the most powerful, the carpet made by the Persian Empire is beneficial, and the Mughal Empire has established a trade alliance with the West. What these three things share in common is Islamic faith, which is bound by Kouranic's poetry, their common love and devotion to Allah. There are two main Islam, Sunni and Shiites. - Aztec and Mongol empire are large and vast areas, there are many similarities in the rise of power, but there are some differences. From the 15th century to the 16th century, three major Muslim empires, the Ottoman Empire of the Middle East, Balkans, North Africa, Safavid Empire of Iran, Mughal Empire of South Asia, were formed. The power of these empires is made possible by the discovery and use of explosives and more effective management. After the invasion of Mongolia, Serjuk Turks faded in the latter half of the 13th century. This led to the establishment of several Turkish principals called beyliks. Osman I, the founder of the Ottoman dynasty, took over one hero (Sauve) at the end of the thirteenth century after his father El Torul took over. After Ottoman, I fought a series of fights with the Byzantine Empire. In 1331, the Ottoman Empire under the guidance of Ottoman son and heir, Ohan I, captured the former Byzantine capital, Nica Air.

Since Mahmoud II in 1839, large-scale political, military and social reforms were carried out in the Ottoman empire, focusing on the practice of westernization, trying to prevent weakening and collapse of the empire. It fades slowly over centuries and forced to unite with European countries to succeed in the war and it is forced to lose some military and territory, social unrest and economic destruction, the empire's interior to start. In the First World War, the Ottoman Empire fought against Britain and its allies and backed Germany. It succeeded in repelling Baghdad in Istanbul's attack and Kurt siege during the Gallipoli campaign. British agent T. E. Lawrence and Ottoman Empire Governor Hussein Ben Ali, Mecca Sharif plot. Hussein Ben Ali resisted Mesquite from the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire is the first city that his troops captured in the Mecca battle (1916). Sharif's revolt proved the turning point of the eastern war. Sharif Hussain announces the new country, the Kingdom of Hejaz, and declares Mecca the capital of the new Kingdom On November 2, 1914, the Ottoman Empire opened the Middle East Theater of World War I by hostility between the central government and its allies. The Caucasian battle, the Persian battle, and the Gallipoli battle affected several populated Armenian centers. Prior to entering the war, the Ottoman government sent delegates to the Armenia parliament of Erzurum to convince the Armenians of the Ottoman Empire to drive Russian Armenians to rebel against the Russian army during the opening of the Caucasus , Promoted the conquest of Transcaucasian. On 24th December 1914 Minister Embar Pasha executed a plan to destroy the Russian Caucasian army in Sarica Mish to regain the Russian territory lost after the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-81 . Embar · Pasha's troops were defeated at battle and almost completely destroyed

In 610 AD, Muhammad first established a religion called Muslim. It quickly spread to the Middle East, North Africa, the Mediterranean, and Spain. After the death of Muhammad, the new Muslim leader took over the Islamic empire. They are called caliphs and rule the Muslim community instead of Muhammad. When Islam arrived in Spain, the Jews living there were actively influenced. The Muslim world Jews were living a peaceful and comfortable life under the caliph, but once the caliph had disappeared the Jewish golden age was over. When the Jews and Muslims were expelled from Spain in 1492, most Jews chose to move to Islamic lands, especially in the Ottoman Empire. The Iberian Jews are very numerous, well educated and prosperous. As the Iberian Jewish culture often replaces the old Jewish community, Spanish became a common name for Jews living in Islamic lands. The skills of the Ottoman Empire's trade and manufacturing capitals and the capital of these immigrants have offered considerable wealth for the expansion of the Ottoman Empire. Under the Ottoman Empire, the Jewish and Christian communities achieved the highest autonomy. Through the Xiaomi system, each community is directly responsible to Sudan. The most famous incident of invasion into public life occurred in the Ottoman Empire of Jannisary Corps. Christian youths were hired by the Ottoman army, trained as soldiers, converted to Muslims, and senior positions of the Ottoman government. Muslim of the Osterman Empire. The Ottoman Empire is an Islamic government that started in Anatolia early in the 14th century. Prior to the emergence of the empire, Islam was founded in Anatolia, but during the 14th and 16 th centuries religion expanded with the conquest of the Balkans and the central Hungarian Ottoman Empire. This does not mean that the unity of the population is Muslim. In many parts of the Ottoman Empire, especially the Balkans, Christians make up the majority of the population, even Muslims are majority groups, there are usually non-residents other than Muslims. Unlike some ruler of Western Europe, the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire did not try to strengthen religious unity. But Islam is a dominant religion, the political structure of the empire reflects this fact. On the Balkans, several Christian groups served as military support personnel in the 16th century.

Also, according to the current situation, it is located in the area of ​​Blue Mosque and Hagia Sophia. The use of the palace, like the Imperial Government, was occupied for over 800 years, and unfortunately only a few remnants and pieces of the palace survive to this day. Another important palace is the Blakhernai Palace, but not the largest palace in the city, the Blakhernai Palace is the first choice. It is safer than the Grand Palace. We can not stop looking at the magnificence of the Ottoman Empire in Istanbul. Topkapi Palace (bottom) has a complete and wonderful tango room for those wearing scarves for the people of the Ottoman Empire to conquer festivals and teams. They also have space to accommodate the trophies won by the defeated people. The battle loser gave the Ottoman trophy ... people in Turkey are like everyone else. Their culture emphasizes family time, we share coffee in the afternoon and invite strangers to dinner. I sat in this cafe for 5 minutes, invited by a sweet mother, Melda and her mother, shared coffee, stories and practiced all languages ​​... Turkish people made me more inclusive, others I'm really interested in culture and have a generous time to spare Today visiting Istanbul you will find that many of the Byzantine ancient churches and palaces still have their original paintings, mosaics and statues. The same can be said for many palaces and mosques built during the Ottoman Empire. Indeed, the Ottoman Empire built up as many mosques and other architectural treasures as possible while conquering Istanbul. I personally knew that Sultan Ahmet (blue) mosque and Topkapi palace were absolutely wonderful architectural treasure. The Blue Mosque is probably the most beautiful building in Istanbul, making its colorful dome, arch, spire feel as if you are staring at something not true. Even if you are walking in, you will be surprised by the detail and complexity of the mosque walls and dome. The details (large and small) will not be overlooked, it will be one of the most spectacular buildings in the world.

Sultan Ahmed From 1603 to 1617, I was the ruler of the Ottoman Empire. He is concerned about the ongoing war and civil war after the death of Sudan. Sudan's sons will inevitably wage war with arguments Ahmed's strange solution to this problem is that he will no longer allow his son to become active in the government. They are basically prisoners of the palace until they rule. In this spirit, the future Sudanese learn only to enjoy the luxury of the court life, not to learn the skills necessary to manage the empire. This policy will always produce a completely incompetent ruler who can not rule such a huge empire. This also means that Sudan no longer leads their troops in the war that produced a group of elite soldiers no longer in the Empire. The lack of a strong Central Leadership brings about government corruption and bribery and further weakened the political regime. With the rise of incompetent central government, local governments and local governments have acquired more autonomy and authority. As the various parts of the empire do not believe that Sudan will protect their interests, they begin to exercise their authority. This brought about a serious decline in Istanbul tax revenue. As incomes declined, the government became incompetent and the troops suffered losses. It all occurred in the second century, consistent with the rise of the European empire in England, France, Russia and Austria. The economic problems facing the Ottoman Empire include the lack of modernization. The 17th century and the 18th century were prosperous because they managed trade routes, but the Europeans thought that it would be appropriate to find a route that bypasses the old Ottoman roads and waterways. The impact is a substantial loss of income and trade tax of the Ottoman Empire. In addition, products made in Europe will be cheaper than the products of the Ottoman Empire due to the new industrial labor movement, local guilds and businessmen will lose their income in their markets. Politically, the Ottoman Empire faced an unprecedented European expansion, especially participated in a series of wars with Russia. In 1875, when the Slavs rebelled under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, he hoped to unite with other Slavic countries, Russia backed the rebels and declared a war with the Ottoman Empire. The political situation in the Balkans is completely different from the political situation in Eastern Europe. In the 19th century, the multinational Ottoman Empire was facing an increasingly racial and economic crisis. Under the influence of nationalism, various nationalities separated from the high gate (the government of the Ottoman Empire), one after another established a unique nation state. The explosive power over Sudan's rule is the result of understanding many non-Muslim ethnic religions and understand that their national identity is consistent with their religious beliefs. The status of ethnic minorities and autonomy of religious groups of the Ottoman Empire. Xiaomi (confession community) has religious beliefs rather than racial grounds. Muslims and Dimis ("those who benefit from protection", ie Whether it is a party or problem, a religious faction, or a social reform movement, the political and religious identity of Americans in the early 19th century was the place they were, the people they were and the most important to them I turned around the center. In this respect, they are very similar to modern Americans. Today is the 214st birthday of Frederic Bassett, one of the greatest political and economic thinkers of the 19th century. Bastia who farmers have transformed into politicians and pamphlets can not be imitated, they are used to explain the economic and political concepts, so they seem to be not only understandable, but also quite common sense. He represents a rare liberal embedded in the broad social philosophy of having a deeply strong belief in personal and transcendental God and that idea is when people lea

"Arab Muslims" is a loose definition now. But if you have to compare it, you can emphasize the contrast compared to Saudi Arabia's Muslim today. In the Ottoman Empire, religion was used as a tool for unification, which was very practical. Regional judges (Kadı (s)) are said to follow the Islamic law, but this is nominal, for example, alcohol is legal in the Ottoman empire, kadıs can not punish someone to drink . Furthermore, the religious hierarchy follows a pattern similar to that of the Eastern Roman Empire. The best religious authority is Şeyh-ülİslam which is also part of the Imperial Diet (Divan-ıHümayun), but his authority belongs to Padişah (Sudan, Emperor, Khan), like the patriarch's authority Basil basil under Rome. Nominally, Padişah requires the command of Şeyh-ülİslam to take certain actions, but they always allow, and if they try to oppose, they are replaced by the new Şeyh-ülİslam. In addition to the Islamic law, the Ottoman Empire has many secular laws such as Atam-Dedem Kanunları (literally meaning the rule of predecessor) derived from the Turkish tradition. Non-Muslims are not subject to Muslim civil law; the Archbishop of Constantineeye is responsible for orthodox Christian themes of civil law In addition, the world's first modern permanent army, Empire's elite army, Janissary Order is a member of the Sufii Dervish Order, which is quite different from Sunni Muslims. The Ottoman dynasty is a Sunni Muslim like Saudi Arabia, but Saudi Arabia follows the most severe Sunni Muslim. Meanwhile, once the Ottoman dynasty şehzades (Prince) grew, became a member of the Janissary Order. Occasion is included in the ceremony to enter the prince's order. This is obviously a promise of ant name, other than Sunni tradition. The Ottoman Empire used Arabic to translate the city name "Kostantiniyye" (القسطنطينية) that can be found in many Ottoman documents. In Turkish, Muslim Islam (Muslim) or Muslim (Muslim) is a Muslim folk folk who was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1453 to express the city as a new character of the Muslim Ottoman Empire It is a source. . It was first confirmed shortly after conquest, and that invention was classified by modern writer as Sultan Mehmet II himself. Islam was the official religion of the Ottoman Empire and became important after two major events, the conquest of Constantinople and the conquest of the Arab region in the Middle East. The highest position in Islam, the caliph, was claimed by Sudan after the failure of Mamluks known as the Ottoman Caliph. Sultan is a devout Muslim, acquiring the literary authority of the caliph. In addition, Sunni clergy have a major influence on the government, whose authority is extremely important for economic regulation. Nonetheless, Sudan has the right to enforce the Kanun (legal) code in Turkish through the law. There is also a top position called Sheykhulislam ("Sheykh of Islam" in Arabic). Ethnic minorities, especially Christians and Jews, and other ethnic minorities are allowed to pay Jiyiya, a head tax imposed by traditional Muslims.

Access to the palace and access from the palace are tightly adjusted to ensure that there is no unauthorized entry or exit. Residents rarely have to get out of the palace because it is almost autonomous and has its own feedwater, food and nutrition. In the palace a strict silence to create an eerie silence and an isolated atmosphere was observed (Ágoston & Masters, 2010). This palace has been regarded as a culmination of power since Sudan and his family lived there. Working in the palace is a jealous place, and many people try to bribe them to the palace. The Ottoman Empire has a variety of very complex elements of society. Some of the constituents of society are palaces, places of worship, military governance and bureaucracy. The person who oversees all these components normally and helps them function effectively is the Sultan of the Empire. Through Sudan's leadership, the combination of these factors contributes to the growth and maintenance of the Ottoman society. - The Han Dynasty and the Roman Empire were two empires that were born from existing territory and brought relatively peace into vast areas. The Qin dynasty (221-206 BC) was the collapse of the first great land empire in East Asia, after war, confusion, tyranny. Due to the political turmoil caused by the early dynasty activities, the emergence of the Han dynasty (206 BC - 228 AD) cautioned people to restore order. In 1865, Ottoman intellectuals dissatisfied with the Ottoman Tomat reform and established a secret society called the Young Ottoman Empire. They believe that reforms are not progressing sufficiently and hope to end the Empire's dictatorship. They tried to adopt the European way to modernize the empire and adopt the constitutional government to change Ottoman society. Although the young Ottoman Empire often has differences in ideology, they are all "Islamic continuing and basic effectiveness as the political and cultural basis of the Ottoman Empire" to emphasize Islam We should agree that we should continue to root in. However, they are integrating Islamic idealism, modern liberalism and parliamentary democracy; according to Islamic principles, the liberalism of the European Parliament is their role model.

Analysis of the response of Zaporozhye Cossack to Sultan of Turkey Sultan Mehmet IV, Ilyafimovich Repin of the Ottoman Empire is the greatest painter in Russia and depicts a realistic scene depicting climate and age. Celebrities are growing up. Il'ya Repin, born in 1844, currently lives in the Russian settlers in Russian Tugiyev. His social position and hometown will have a significant influence on his later paintings. Sultan Mehmed IV, the seven-year-old son of Sultanİ brahim, came to the throne. His mother and grandmother are alive, this is the first time in the history of the Ottoman Empire. Mahpeyker Sultan wants to jump over the emperor's young and innocent mother Terhan Sultan and become a regency again. Terhan Sultan does not want to accept her attempt as a smart woman who is as smart as a mother in law. Mahpeyker Sultan always believes that good dialogue with officers will benefit during a chaotic period. On the part of Mahpeyker Sultan, the palace formally supported Terhan Sultan. These bureaucrats said that Mahpeyker Sultan had planned to use the 1651 uprising in rural areas and Istanbul and killed to force Terhan Sultan to force her obedient son Shahzade Suleiman to him. I began to wake up. They entered the harem and tried to kill Mahpeyker Sultan who was hiding in the large closet of the room. Analysis of the response of Zaporozhye Cossack to Sultan of Turkey Sultan Mehmet IV, Ilyafimovich Repin of the Ottoman Empire is the greatest painter in Russia and depicts a realistic scene depicting climate and age. Celebrities are growing up. Il'ya Repin, born in 1844, currently lives in the Russian settlers in Russian Tugiyev. - Finally, I think the show emphasizes Christian religious activities; it should be understood at the end of the game, and rewards are possible through forgiveness. I think this drama teaches those who follow Christian faith.

Analysis of the response of Zaporozhye Cossack to Sultan of Turkey Sultan Mehmet IV, Ilyafimovich Repin of the Ottoman Empire is the greatest painter in Russia and depicts a realistic scene depicting climate and age. Celebrities are growing up. Il'ya Repin, born in 1844, currently lives in the Russian settlers in Russian Tugiyev. His social position and hometown will have a significant influence on his later paintings. Sultan Mehmed IV, the seven-year-old son of Sultanİ brahim, came to the throne. His mother and grandmother are alive, this is the first time in the history of the Ottoman Empire. Mahpeyker Sultan wants to jump over the emperor's young and innocent mother Terhan Sultan and become a regency again. Terhan Sultan does not want to accept her attempt as a smart woman who is as smart as a mother in law. Mahpeyker Sultan always believes that good dialogue with officers will benefit during a chaotic period. On the part of Mahpeyker Sultan, the palace formally supported Terhan Sultan. These bureaucrats said that Mahpeyker Sultan had planned to use the 1651 uprising in rural areas and Istanbul and killed to force Terhan Sultan to force her obedient son Shahzade Suleiman to him. I began to wake up. They entered the harem and tried to kill Mahpeyker Sultan who was hiding in the large closet of the room. Analysis of the response of Zaporozhye Cossack to Sultan of Turkey Sultan Mehmet IV, Ilyafimovich Repin of the Ottoman Empire is the greatest painter in Russia and depicts a realistic scene depicting climate and age. Celebrities are growing up. Il'ya Repin, born in 1844, currently lives in the Russian settlers in Russian Tugiyev. - Finally, I think the show emphasizes Christian religious activities; it should be understood at the end of the game, and rewards are possible through forgiveness. I think this drama teaches those who follow Christian faith.

Most people agree that due to the decline of the empire, it has changed significantly from the original Roman Empire. Even if something is destroyed, it is no longer the same. Yes, I agree that it has changed a lot, but we still call it Rome. The Byzantine Empire was the Roman Empire. The word Byzantium merely refers to the eastern part of the Roman Empire. When the Western countries paralyzed, the empire seemed to have lost some areas, but it continued in the fresh Byzantine capital. It is rare to know that Byzantine is too wealthy for his own benefit, which is beyond Rome. After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire kept Greek and Roman culture for almost a thousand years. This cultural heritage was preserved until it was occupied by the West during the Renaissance period. The Byzantine Empire is also a buffer between Western Europe and the conquest of the army of Islam. Thus, in many ways, insulated the Byzantine empire in Europe, and to give it time to recover from medieval turmoil. Orthodox Church is at the center of history and society such as Greece, Bulgaria, Russia, Serbia. The Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople of the Ottoman Empire in 1453 this year to Byzantium as his "successor" so as to promote the period of Post Communist eastern "Orthodox Renaissance", its traditional After holding important important aspects. European countries. Modern Orthodox Church is the second largest Christian church in the world After the Roman Empire and a small country in Greece, the Byzantine Empire has maintained 1 to become their culture yet, therefore the greatest achievement of the Byzantine Empire is to preserve Greek and Roman culture I believe. Byzantium eventually became the survivor of the collapse of the West Roman Empire. However, if not for Byzantine Rome and ancient Greek culture, it disappears even if it is rarely known. This article has not been evaluated. How influenced by the Roman Catholic Church 1378 - 1417 (also known as the western sector) major division: answering the following questions for some answers? After the influence of the Roman Catholic Church, the Roman Catholic Church was divided into two different camps in the Roman Catholic Church (also known as the West Division) from 1378 to 1417, Anti papal Avignon and Romans called Pope

During the immigration immigration era of the Roman Empire, the Roman Empire was invaded at various times depending on various causes and purposes. The immigration control period is 300 to 700 AD. The Roman invaded many people such as Visigoths, Celtics and so on. Every immigrant who invaded Rome fell into an empire. Many people know that the Roman Empire is very powerful and powerful, even though they feel that they are being pressured by other groups that are invading them. During the immigration era, also known as the invasion of barbarians to the Mediterranean countries, it began in the early years of the year 300 AD and people moved extensively in and out of Europe, mainly in the territory of Rome, especially the Germanic tribe . And Huns. The German loan Völkerwanderung - also from the Mediterranean point of view - brutal invasion is also known as English. Many immigrants were Germans, Huns, Slavs, and others who entered the movements of the then Roman Empire, with or without invasion and war, at the time. Whether there is a contradictory view of whether the collapse of the Western Roman Empire is the result or cause of these immigration, or both. The eastern Roman Empire was less affected by the immigration and survived until 1453 when Constantinople fell into the Ottoman Empire. In the modern era, people have a considerably negative meaning during the transition period and are increasingly explaining what is seen as the cause of the collapse of the empire. Instead of the depravity of Western Rome, a barbarian kingdom appeared in the 5th and 6th centuries, decisively formed the early medieval in Europe. Along with the collapse of the Roman Empire, especially during the so-called Immigration era (Germanic), Slavic immigrants, Hungary conquering the Carpathian Mountains, Islamic conquest, and the expansion of the Turks to Eastern Europe, the immigrants were again accompanied by war invasion Kipchaks, Tatars). , Cumans) The Ottoman Empire again established a multiethnic empire structure in West Asia and Southeast Europe, but the Turkishization of Southeastern Europe is attributed to cultural assimilation more than more immigrants. In the late medieval period, Romanians entered Europe through Anatolia and Maghreb. Because Western Roman Empire collapsed during the immigration era, a spiritual decline occurred in Western Europe in the 1400s. In contrast, the Byzantine Empire resisted barbaric attacks, was protected and improved learning. John Philoponus, a Byzantine scholar of the 1980s was the first scholar who raised questions about the teachings of Aristotle's physics and paid attention to its flaws. John Philbona's criticism of Aristotle's physics principle inspired medieval scholars and Galileo Galilei. And they quoted the work of Philoponus during the scientific revolution in the second half of the 10th century and elaborated why is Aristotle's physics flawed?

Support 1: Politics: "The Roman Empire was divided between the west and the east in the 4th century" (101 Q & A). The eastern area ("Byzantine") is concentrated in the Middle East and North Africa, the same as the area dominated by the Islamic empire. It is advisable to learn from the Byzantine University to provide clues about the spread of Islam. Rome fell in 476 BC, but the Byzantine Empire remains steady. Byzantium is divided into two groups: Gashinido and Rakud Midgashinido: Christians, Southern Egypt, Syria, Afghanistan, Sasania Persia Empire: govern the majority of Iraq and Iran, including the raccoon race group, They are Zoroa. Sid Abraham's religion spread worldwide through the spread of the Roman Empire of the 4th century by Christianity adopted by the Islamic empire and the 7 th century Islamic empire. Today, the religion of Abraham is one of the major areas of comparative religion (as well as Indian, Iran, East Asian religion). The chief Abraham religion founded in chronological order was Judaism in the 7th century BC, Christianity in the 1st century CE, and Islam in the 7th century. Christianity, Islam, Judaism is the most religious religion of Abraham. Abraham's religious beliefs with few believers include Yazdanism (Yezdi, Yarsani), Samaritanism, Dulze (usually categorized as a division of Ismailiria-Islam), Babbism, Baha'i and Rastafari. faith Muslim of the Osterman Empire. The Ottoman Empire is an Islamic government that started in Anatolia early in the 14th century. Prior to the emergence of the empire, Islam was founded in Anatolia, but during the 14th and 16 th centuries religion expanded with the conquest of the Balkans and the central Hungarian Ottoman Empire. This does not mean that the unity of the population is Muslim. In many parts of the Ottoman Empire, especially the Balkans, Christians make up the majority of the population, even Muslims are majority groups, there are usually non-residents other than Muslims. Unlike some ruler of Western Europe, the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire did not try to strengthen religious unity. But Islam is a dominant religion, the political structure of the empire reflects this fact. On the Balkans, several Christian groups served as military support personnel in the 16th century. A huge territory empire that thrived in West Africa from the 13th to the 14th century. Its capital is Timbuktu, which became the center of Islamic learning (see Islam). The trade route of the imperial control from the edge of the northern Sahara desert to the forest of the south carried money and other luxuries, but the Songhai empire reached its height during the reign. And he defeated the Sunni son. He expanded the empire, maintained peace and security, and founded a new dynasty, Ascia. He also appointed the Finance Minister, the Military Minister, the Navy Minister and the Minister of Agriculture.

As time goes by, many civilizations are considered "wonderful" not only in the characteristics of their leaders but also in relation to how they spread and affect other countries. The Mongol Empire and the Achaemenian Empire (Early Persian) were two empires and had a lot of power in that era. There are various religions in civilization, but the practice and tolerance of religion is an important aspect of national power. The Mongol empire and the Akemenes empire are two empires, the belief system they practice and the motive behind their religious tolerance are very different, but there are similarities. The Mughal Empire (Persian: مغ الباد شا ۿ) is an empire that governed the majority of the Indian subcontinent between Afghanistan, Balochistan, and 1526 - 1857. The Empire was founded by Mongolian leader Babor when he was in India for the first time in 1526 when he beat the last Afghan Roddish Sultan Ibrahim Rodi in the first Panipat campaign. A gunpowder was used. The Mughal empire is known as "gunpowder empire". The word "Mughal Dynasty" is "Mongolian" in the Indian-Aryan version. Babur is the descendant of Genghis Khan. The Mughal people maintained all aspects of the Mongolian culture of the 16th century, including placing a tent around the royal camp during military exercises. Mughal religion is Muslim The spread of Islam in various ethnic groups of 1/4 Mongol empire has also been helped by the People's Movement. Persian became one of the official languages ​​of Mongol empire and was used also in China. Persian culture spread to Central Asia and East Asia with Islam. Since the 13th century, Golden Horde and Mongolian Khan of Persia have converted to Muslims and have devoted the power of the government to Muslim faith. In Asia, Christianity has failed for a long time, but not by Mongolian behavior. European leaders wish to oppose the Muslim forces who are allied with Mongolian leaders and challenge the political and commercial interests of the eastern Mediterranean. Part of the reason for Christianity is that it does not have a single voice: Latin Catholics, Orthodox, Nestorian and other Christian doctrines fight violently and contest converts. The Mongolian and later Turkic honeaart was built in the 13th century, originated from the Achaemenid Persians in the northwest part of the Mongol empire and made Samarkand the capital of the empire. Alexander the Great conquered Samarkand (or Marcanda of the time) in 329 BC. After overthrowing Persians. It was during this time that Samarkand was established as the center of the Islamic civilization. Kublai Khan (Kublai Khan), also called Shizu (the name of the temple), is the fifth Khagan of the Mongol Empire, and it is ruled from 1260 to 1294. Tako Mongolian conquistador and founder of the Timur Empire of Persia and Central Asia. He was also the first ruler of the Ottoman Islamic state founded in the northwestern part of Anatolia. 1300. After the collapse of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire lived in Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453 to 1922. Descendants of Rolo, he has been dedicated to Normandy since 1035.

The Romans discovered new social and technological innovations that made their empire a sustainable society. These innovations helped the Roman Empire succeed peacefully. They helped make everyone happy, including the outbreak of conquest and prevention empire warfare. Technological innovation helps citizens live comfortable and healthy lives. New innovations include new and useful laws. The last king in Rome was Tarquin the Proud. As a cruel tyrant, he was expelled from power in 509 BC. Mataro dates back to the Roman empire - it is the northern city of Barcelona with a long history. Mataro's history innovation is consistent. It is the first city in Spain that opened the railroad in 1848. In a strong textile industry, there are many metal processing companies that develop textile machinery. There is a beautiful harbor and a large beach and it is worth visiting. Mataro is the capital city of Maresme County with a population of 125,000 people. Triangle of sun, sand and innovation: sister cities of Argentina, Florida, Spain meet and strengthen relationship It is the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire or the Byzantine Empire, the Latin Empire and the Ottoman Empire. It was founded in the year 330 AD in ancient Byzantine, as the new capital of the Roman Empire of Constantine, later named. In the 12th century, the city was the largest and richest city in Europe. During the Ottoman Empire, the city itself was still the Muslim capital but scholars usually booked the name "Constantinople" for the city during the 330-1453 Christian era, which was favored during the next century. The name of the city "Istanbul". However, many Western writers continue to mention the city as modern with its old name "Constantinople." The name "Constantinople" is still used today as one of the most important leaders of the Orthodox church. And the archbishop of the world. " The Byzantine empire, sometimes called the East Roman Empire, was the continuation of the late Middle Ages Roman Empire, whose capital was Constantinople (a modern Istanbul originally established as a Byzantium). It survived the division and collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century CE and continued to exist for 1,000 years until 1453 when it fell into Ottoman Turkey. Due to the majority of its existence, the empire was the most powerful economic, cultural and military force in Europe. Both the Byzantine Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire were historical terms made after the demise of the kingdom, whose citizens continued to refer to their empire as the Roman Empire and regarded themselves as Romans. Those living in the eastern Roman Empire called themselves Romans, but their Greek tradition, legitimate Christianity, and their regional connection made them unique.

INTRODUCTION: The Middle East is considered to be one of the most studied areas in the world due to its rich political, social, economic, cultural and civilized history. Its boundary line is still geographically controversial and generally starts from Morocco in the west to Iran on the east side, but many people do not agree to include Turkey as the Middle East and European countries (Milton -Edwards, 2006. P .: 4). Origin of this name was invented by colonies and is a necessary condition to explain the geographical position, which is the era when "Middle East" is academic papers and political scientists' words. The modern Middle East began after the First World War and the Ottoman Empire, which had been allied with the central government, was defeated by the Empire of the Empire and its allies and was initially divided into several independent countries that belonged to the British and French duties It was. Other critical events in this transition include the establishment of Israel in 1948 and the final departure of European powers in the latter half of the 1960s, especially in the UK and France. They depend to some extent on the increase in US influence since the 1970s. After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after the aftershock of World War I, the young elite appeared in a new state in the Middle East. These new rulers adopted a modern system that ends the ancient combination of tradition and religion in domestic politics, such as the Caliphate Empire (where the Turkish Kemal Atatlk was abolished in 1924). However, although these leaders are in the form of modernization, they reproduce the culture of the ancient Ottoman Empire. In today's Middle East there are many complex police who received military assistance. • Despite decades of modernization efforts, the majority of Muslim countries are civil society weak, military and powerful places. There is no better example than the world's largest ancient Roman Empire. At its summit, the Roman Empire came across the Mediterranean from the western European Atlantic coast and entered the modern Middle East extending vertically from North Africa to Germany and Eastern Europe / Central Europe wilderness. In each region, they conquered and subsequently dominated, and the Romans met people of different and different religious beliefs. However, Rome suffers from a religious rebellion. The boundaries of the empire lie outside the "barbarians", while the strict Roman rule leads to internal conflict, most of Rome's internal governance crisis is not related to religion.

The Byzantine Empire is also known as the Eastern Roman Empire. Because it is actually the continuation of the Roman Empire to the Eastern. On the largest scale of the year 500 AD, Byzantium contained parts of Southern Europe and Eastern Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. The Byzantines call themselves Romans, but in reality they are descendants of various ancient countries, but they speak Greek. In fact, the word Byzantium comes from "Byzantine" which is the Greek name of the Bosphorus. Before Alexander the Great brought his troops to Anatolia (334 B.C.), the Greeks first settled in this area in the mid 1600 B.C. Even after the area became part of the Roman Empire in 100 BC, the Greek culture continued to influence. However it was then that Roman Emperor Constantine moved from Rome to Byzantium to the empire's capital and renamed Constantinople (today's Istanbul) to Byzantine Empire in 330 AD. It lasted more than a thousand years, finally when the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople in 1453 and renamed it Istanbul. Christianity had a great impact on Byzantine's art, music and architecture. Because Constantinople is the political center of the empire, it is also the center of education and future government officials will learn to read and write the language of ancient Greece. Therefore, this era has outstanding works among history, exquisite poetry and many religious prose. Every visual art is also booming. Most artists are servants of the court or belong to religious groups and are still anonymous. Ivory sculpture, the Byzantine cross, "lighting" or small manuscript prove their skills. Almost all Byzantine style buildings survived its church, its marvelous murals and mosaics. In the case of Hagia Sophia, their architects and craftsmen have reached a really wonderful height. In 1100, the Byzantine Empire was able to maintain the rule of the empire although it was trivial, but the expansion and prosperity of the empire was repeated with the internal religious division (such as the riot of Nica) and the external enemies It was balanced by the war of. After all, the Ottoman Empire has overcome the exhausted Byzantine and celebrated the era of new leadership weakened by the wave of frequent attacks. However, the Byzantine empire keeps its mark on culture and will never completely disappear after conquest. In the latter part of the eastern part of Italy, it was under the rule of the Chathanis dynasty and the Byzantine empire until the Byzantine Pope in the mid-eighth century of the 7th century. As the Byzantine Empire gradually weakened under the pressure of Muslim conquests, "medieval" officially began and Ravenna's Exarchate ended up under the rule of 751 Lombard. Domination of Lombard ended with invasion of Charlemagne in 773, the Italian kingdom and the papal country were established. This was a precedent of Italy's major political confrontation between the Pope and the Roman Empire over the centuries and eventually led to a conflict between Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV in 1077. I will go to Canosa Since the Byzantine Empire came from the collapse of the Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire has many similarities with Rome. This includes culture, religion, and place. These similarities and differences helped shape the image of the Byzantine Empire. The similarity between the two empires is the form of entertainment that occurs in these cultures. Both the Byzantine Empire and the Roman Empire both like to watch the gladiator competition in the large stadium. The so-called "Byzantine Empire" is not a product of the Roman Empire. This is the continuation of the Roman Empire. Byzantine Empire is a term made by a historian, showing the eastern part of the Roman Empire after the collapse of the west (it has been around for nearly 1000 years). The so-called "Byzantine" does not even know the word. They claim that their empire is the Roman Empire, the Roman Empire of the Roman Empire, or the Romanian Latin or

The Roman Empire continued from 201 BC to 47 CE, covering half of Western Europe and the UK, including the Mediterranean. Meanwhile, the Mongol empire continued from 1206 AD to 1386 AD, conquering the majority of Russia, Islam and Slavic people. Their conquest was rapid and cruel, often killing thousands of people behind them and succeeding in the civilization which conquered the majority of the land. Both empires were very successful, but in my opinion, the Roman Empire lasted longer and was more successful as it was ruled by many successful and powerful leaders like Julius Caesar and Alexander the Great Did. The Mongol empire is prevalent, but in consideration of time, it is the greatest and most powerful empire in history. The Mongol empire survived only 185 years and was small compared to the Roman Empire, but in such a short period of time it was able to satisfy more hope than many countries, empires or kingdoms. The height of the empire covers all areas of the land between modern Korea, China, Russia, the Middle East, India and between them. But in many ways the greatness of the Mongol empire will eventually destroy it. Today: Japan (the only remaining emperor in the world). History: Roman Empire, Byzantine Empire, First and Second Bulgarian Empire, Serbian Empire, St. Roman Empire, Russian Empire, Korean Empire, Mongol Empire, China Empire, 1st and 2nd French Empire, Austrian Empire, 1st Mexican Empire, Brazil Empire, the German Empire (not left in Europe since 1918), Emperor of India (In India in 1947 India was no longer used after independence of the British Empire). German Champion Caesar and Bulgaria / Serbian Champions Tour are coming from Latin Caesar which means the emperor. One of the titles of the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire is rough transliteration of Osman Turkish by Kaysar-i-Rûm (Emperor of Rome) and Kaysara by Caesar (Emperor). German Kaiser's Kaisar-i-Hind is the Urdu translation of "Indian Emperor". After the collapse of Constantinople in 1453 and the Roman Empire after the collapse of the 1806 Roman Empire, the title of "Emperor" circulated widely among the monarchs of Europe. As the Austrian Habsburg dynasty tried to govern Germany under their rule, the Austrian empire claimed to be the successor to the Holy Roman Empire. Founded in 1871, the German empire also claimed to be the successor of Rome through the lineage of the Roman Empire. Both empires used the royal title Kaiser (from the Latin "Caesar"), the German emperor. The successor of the Austrian Empire, the German Empire, Austria - Hungary will fall into the aftermath of the First World War between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. Both are claimed to be inherited by the Eastern Roman Empire.

The Ottoman Empire was created by Sunni Turks. Their leader is Sudan, but Vizier really controls. Their army consists of Janissaries who got a lot of control. There are still inheritance problems in their empire. Because of their trading, they have a large number of businessmen The decline of the Ottoman Empire was slow. This was caused by tax increases on corrupt leaders, inappropriately regulated central government, and poor people. Because of the inheritance problem Abbas became delusive, and the decline of Safavids was fast. The decline of the Mughal dynasty was caused by intolerance and excessive power of local leaders. In the Mughal Empire there are two types of discord religion, Hinduism and Islam. Both Safavid and the Ottoman Empire are Islamists. This division of the Mughal dynasty made it more difficult to control. Akbar created a system that attempts to unify them, but in other empires they were primarily religions Establishing the Muslim Empire in India is a troublesome process. Many Muslim generals tried to establish a dominant position among Muslims from the western boundary of the old Persian Empire to the surrounding area of ​​Delhi. Various campaigns starting from 712 BCE are trying to establish Muslim domination. Finally, in 1192, the rulers of C. E. Muslims from Afghanistan and Punjab established joint control of Northern India through various alliances with the Hindu prince from the southern plateau. The Muslim empire developed to include a broad territory. In addition to many other places, their empires include India, Greece and Rome. Because they allow other cultures, Muslims are ahead of others. This allows them to adopt much of the development and innovation of people who conquer the land. - Augustus is more concerned about self defense than the advances of the Senate, the troops and his citizens. He refused absolute power, but it was the ultimate motive. Julius Caesar's fate, Augustus was very aware of the absolute power dangers. So he saw the distracting power as a means to counter the potential threat of his lift. The Roman Empire will always have the greatest and longest imperial legacy ever. The reason why a powerful empire like Rome has existed for a long time has a direct relationship with two people, Julius Caesar and Augustus. Rome is a fierce and terrible empire for many people and has the same characteristics as a strong character that forms ironically in it. - The establishment of the Roman Empire is due to the work of Caius Julius Caesar. Julius played an important role in creating Rome as an urban nation and have made many alliances within the established empire. In addition to the alliance, Caesar is also committed to building a powerful army of Rome. His assassination came suddenly after Caesar's short rule, leading Augustus Caesar, a very powerful politician, Julius Caesar's rule.

The last person and the epidemic of the empire I am concerned with Ai Ethics Chassen 's view on the interests of the British colony where he himself swept the group of the 19th century and the novel "Mary Sherry" written for Mary Shelley Pride easy to agree on - the century British Empire. In a prominent example of a novel colonial conspiracy, Lionel Verni disdained that the main resources of the UK are its people (its "children" [323]), the greatest assets of the equatorial region are their goods He insists. - Spices, plants, fruits Pesto empire literature focuses on the history of infectious diseases in the Ottoman empire, mainly the plague, and uses outstanding expressions in the work of NükhetVarlik. Historians are faced with paradox. Western Europe became Pest free in 1665, but the Ottoman Empire suffered "hot" in the late 19th century. Tens of serious incidents were recorded during this period, with an estimated 1% of the population died every year with plague. Pandemic diseases are considered normal phenomena and specific phenomena in the Sudan field. This is the fact of life. Here, refer to Sam White, @ yayalon, Alan Mikhail, Birsen Bulmus, Daniel Panzac. In the Middle Ages, the occurrence of glandular plague repeatedly destroyed the population of Europe. The great plague (1665 - 66) was the last major epidemic in London. With that outbreak, an estimated 100,000 deaths corresponded to about 15% of the city's population at that time. As the number of victims begins to increase, the burial ground will be in a competent state and a hole will be drilled to accommodate the dead. These biggest ones are in Aldogate, where it is estimated that more than 1,000 plague victims are buried in anonymous pits. A terrible epidemic swept the entire empire, killed Theodora, almost killing him. Pesto destroyed the large population of the empire, leaving the village empty, not harvesting crops. The troops were also subject to torture, and East Goths effectively regained Italy through the guerilla war against Byzantine occupiers in AD 546 AD. The battle of the Justinian army in Italy was a problem, so the empire's defense against the Persians at the eastern border weakened. In the Roman - Persian War, the Persians have invaded and destroyed many important cities. Justinian was forced to sign a humiliating 50 year peace treaty with them in the year 561 AD.

In the UK and Austria in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, the Habsburg empire was affected by much of the same pressure. Each country has witnessed the necessity of religious freedom in their society, and every country is fighting for the monarchy and the right to the throne. Despite the similarity of these issues, each country has taken a totally different approach to solving the problem. Britain emerged from the 18th century and will be able to guide the people through the representative government; the Austrian Habsburg empire will find itself to be left behind and absorbed from the surrounding countries. The Ottoman Empire - the Haussburg War between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg Empire (after Austria) Empire - the Hauptburg War was carried out by the Roman Empire, the Hungarian Kingdom, the Polish - Lithuania Federation, and the Spanish Habsburg Family from the 16th to the 18th century . We support. . The war was primarily land operation on Hungary, including Transylvania (today in Romania), Voyvodina (today in Serbia), Croatia, and Central Serbia. In the 16th century the Ottoman Empire became a serious threat to the major powers of Europe, the Ottoman ship wiped out the possession of the Venezia in the Aegean Sea and the Ionian waters, and the Burberry pirates supported by the Ottoman occupied the Spaniards of Maghreb . Property French Protestant Reform - Habsburg House Competition and Numerous Civil War in Holy Roman Empire Distracted Christian's Attention from the Ottoman Empire The Spanish world empire reached the largest territory in the late eighteenth century, but in the 16th and 17th century Habsburg dynasties it reached its peak and fell. When Charles I (the ruler of the first Hapsburg family in Spain) became King of Spain in 1516, Spain became the center of struggle for the European dynasty. After he became king of Spain, his widely dispersed field is not common in Spain, so Charles became Emperor Charles V of St. Roman again. As he approached the end of his life, he divided the heritage of the Habsburg family into two parts. On the other hand it is a property in Spain, Italy, North Africa, North and South America, Northern Europe, and the Holy Roman Empire on the other. This brought great difficulties to his son, Philip II of Spain. From the late eighteenth century, the territory acquired by the Austrian Habsburg dynasty was called Crown Land (German: Kronlander). Originally the Habsburg-Lorraine House of Representatives had dominated as a private union, they played an important role as the land of the national architecture of the Habsburg family and eventually became the administrative division of the Austrian Central Empire that was founded in 1804 It was reorganized. According to the Constitution on March 18, 1848, during the restoration after the revolution, the Austrian kingdom territory was ruled by Stat Alter governor, which was directly affiliated with the emperor.

There are many physical features in the Balkans, but there are three main ones, they are peninsulas, mountains and rivers. On the Balkan Peninsula, there are most races. In most cases geographical locations have helped or hindered certain ethnic groups in the history of the Balkans. The mountains have had several different influences on the early people who live in the Balkans. The mountains in this area helped a certain ethnic group and hurt other peoples. The most serious nationalist tension in Europe since 1871 was on the Balkans. The Balkan Peninsula is a geographically and ethnically diverse region including contemporary Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia, Montenegro, and its inhabitants are widely known as Slavs It is done. Most of the Balkans are under the control of the Ottoman Empire. The spread of Romantic nationalism and the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans have made the area extremely explosive. Through the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire tried to strengthen itself through modernization and internal reform, but it was hardly successful. That European thematic nationality left its control one by one, declared independence. Therefore, the rebellious people of the Balkans believe that their struggle is to regain independence they've lost for a long time. Given the recent history of the Balkans, the Pan-Vulcanism or the ideas of the Balkans might sound stupid. However, the history of this area shows that it is not necessarily the case. Due to common history and past global trends, the Balkans experienced some form of unification after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. Although these attempts have not been successful since the power of nationalism and imperialism exceeds all pan-Balkan movements, it is possible to balance contemporary errors such as deep-seated racial hatred and support of racial superiority So do not forget. Dangerous remarks

In 285 AD, the Roman Empire was divided into two by Imperial Diocletian, leading to the establishment of the Roman Empire. During the next few centuries the Western empire will eventually fight before going into the hands of barbarians, but the eastern empire (now known as the Byzantine Empire) continues to exist and the last of the year 1453 It will prosper until the autumn. The success of the Eastern Empire was attributed to the highly ideal trading land of the capital city Constantinople and a strong nationalist awareness within the Empire. Historians believe that the greatest achievement of the Byzantine Empire is preservation of Greek and Roman cultures. Because the Byzantine Empire still maintained that culture as one after the Roman Empire and a small country in Greece. Byzantium eventually became a survivor of the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. But otherwise, the Byzantine Romans and the ancient Greek culture will disappear or even become a little famous. This article has not been evaluated. An answer answers the next question. How did the large Split (also called West Split) from 1378 to 1417 affect the Roman Catholic Church? After the Roman Catholic Church was divided into two different camps, the major division between 1378 and 1417 (aka western district) was influenced by the Roman Catholic Church These camps were founded in antipope and Avignon Rome It was called. Pope The Roman Empire fell into a faction and was replaced by the Byzantine Empire from Christianity 476 to Christian calendar year 1453. The Byzantine Empire was originally the eastern part of the Roman Empire, but became a dominant Christian power after the collapse of Rome. It was officially divided. One of the different powers was the Ottoman Empire, which lasted from 1299 to 1923. The Ottoman Empire was founded by the Turkish tribes, became the mainstream Islamic state of the world, contrary to Anatolian Byzantine rule, occupied Constantinople and spread to the Mediterranean. After the Turkish Revolutionary War was led by Mustafa KemalAtatürk, they were finally destroyed by the cost of war and modernization of the 19th century, dissolved by the Republic of Turkey and occupied by the European countries.

By the end of the 1880s, about 2.5 million Armenians lived in the Ottoman Empire. Since the First World War, the number of Armenians in Turkey has reached 120,000 people. Many Armenians who were slaughtered or escaped to other countries between 1894 and 1921 can explain this difference. When the Armenians in the eastern province of the Ottoman Empire began giving people the idea of ​​autonomy in Armenia while encouraging Russia, tension began. As the number of revolutionaries increased, they formed various political groups and eventually became two revolutionary parties. The first party that was developed in 1887 is called Henchak. During the First World War, persecution for Armenians continued. Armenians who volunteered to volunteer to help the Russian troops fight the Turks when the Turkish government ordered expulsion of all Armenians to Syria and Palestine was forced to leave. Even people who fought with the Ottoman army were removed. They were taken to labor camps where they experienced the same fear of all other Armenians - premature death. Sometimes, implementation methods such as hunger and physical abuse are slow and painful. Like a machine gun, this method is fast and cruel in some cases. No Turkish people left. On April 24, 1915, 444 Armenian intellectuals were arrested in Istanbul and then brought to Ayash and Chankilli provinces, most of which were later killed. Armenians now have little leadership. The Ottoman Empire destroyed their military and social advocates. Taking advantage of the fragile situation of Armenians, Turks ordered all Armenians to leave all the villages of Armenia and Asia Minor of Turkey. As the village evacuates, people are often shot and women and children are forced to walk south indefinitely. In Syria's Deir ez-Zor, the most terrible Armenians, among these camps This tragedy is not the only genocide in the country. Another example of the massacre is the Armenian massacre. The Turks from the Ottoman Empire almost completely eradicate the Armenians. More than 100 million Armenians were killed and slaughtered in 1915 and 1916. Massacre of Armenia is caused by the "Young Turkish Party" - If you suddenly decide that you do not have the right to life due to your race or religion, are you afraid? Scary is that the term genocide is also called ethnic cleansing and it is not unusual for people living in this imperfect world full of violence, hatred and discrimination. This article provides a broad background explanation of the unique aspects of the Armenian slaughter. It focuses on three aspects of the Armenian genocide, with broader applicability to all genocide studies: (1) the distinction between Holocaust and genocide; (2) the use of technology to promote mass murder. Legacy of genocide. Between 1915 and 1918, the Ottoman Empire, governed by Muslim Turks, carried out policies to eliminate that Christian Armenian minority. Before the massacre, a series of carnage took place between 1894 and 1896 and 1909, followed by another genocide commencing in 1920. By 1922 Armenians were eradicated from their historic houses.

When I saw the French occupation chronicle for the first time, it seemed to be only an explanation of Napoleonic era in Egypt, but this article is more content than the eyes. This article, written by Egyptians rather than Europeans, is not what the Europeans have taught and taught, but provides a different view of the events in Egypt. This article is a different view, but shows strong cultural prejudice and ethnocentricism from the Egyptians to the French people. Napoleon - On July 2, 1798 Napoleon Bonaparte came to Egypt, opened up a new stage in the history of Egypt and the history of the Middle East, surprised the satisfaction of Egyptians and Ottoman Turks. So far the Egyptians have no knowledge of European cultural and technical outcomes. Murad Bey dispatched a well-equipped untrained unit to meet the Napoleonic army's 40,000 people. After being completely defeated, he quickly left Cairo and ordered to fire the city. Surprisingly, Napoleon entered Egypt with motive in addition to imperialism. Napoleon led the French army to Egypt and occupied the area until 1801 as part of the 1798 Mediterranean campaign. During his Egypt occupation, Napoleon protected French trade interests and was intended to prevent Britain from entering India. Although Napoleon's goal was not realized, he introduced modern science into Egypt to make Egypt a modern industrial society. The possibility of this "new Egypt" is very interesting to the UK. Especially after the defeat of Napoleon, the UK was eager to occupy Egypt and secure a quick way to India. When Napoleon came back from Italy, it was suggested that he invaded Britain. Instead he decided to break into Egypt owned by the UK. After becoming despised by the British navy, Napoleon landed in Egypt and was soon occupied. When Napoleon was inland, the British army destroyed the French fleet and brought Napoleon to Egypt. In the beginning of 1799, the Ottoman Empire declared a war with France. In order to prevent the Ottoman Empire from invading Egypt, Napoleon invaded Syria but was rejected by the Turkish army. By the middle of 1799, Napoleon decided to return to France as the second coalition (consisting of the Ottoman and Austrian) beat the European French army. Egypt maintained semi-autonomy right under Mamluk until the invasion of the French Napoleonic Bonaparte army in 1798 (see France campaign in Egypt and Syria). After the French defeated by the British, Egypt created the Albanian mercenaries who served the Turks of the Ottoman Empire who dominated Egypt for centuries, Mamluk of Egypt, and the Ottoman Empire. After the French were expelled, in 1805, the Albanian army commander Muhammad Ali Pasha of the Ottoman army of Egypt gained power. He has the title of Governor of Egypt, but subordination of the Ottoman portal is only a nominal one. Muhammad Ali slaughtered Mamluk and founded the dynasty which governed Egypt until the 1952 revolution.

Armenian slaughter, Armenian massacre, catastrophe, Armenian massacre also known as the Armenian slaughter are organized to kill nearly 5 million Armenians. It happened in the Ottoman Empire - now in Turkey - 2 million Armenians live. The massacre of Armenia was the most studied slaughter after the Nazis Holocaust. 22 countries officially recognized it as genocide, but the Turkish republic refused to characterize these events as genocide. Armenians of many survivors of survivors are fighting for their perception Under the millet system, the Ottoman Empire did not give Armenians more rights than Muslims. They can not serve the army and can not testify ... show more The empire's wartime allies rarely protested, but the "New York Times" said the Holocaust was "organized", "approved" and organized by the government. With the formation of the Tehcir Act, all Armenians will be disarmed, demobilized and assigned to labor camps. The Ottoman team Chetes executed many recruits. A special organization in December 1911? It was founded by the Ottoman Empire Government. Ittihad ve Terraki established a second special organization consisting solely of released criminals. These organizations took Armenians to Syria's Deir ez-Zor town. They do not allow any rest, goods or facilities. The New York Times in August 1915 pointed out that exiles are scattered on the road and the Euphrates River, and the surviving people are supposed to die. The escort of artists often encourages them to deprive them, kill them, rape themselves, and do the same for other people. There are 25 major concentration camps. Armenians were killed in large quantities by mass incineration, intoxication, drowning Many foreign officials expressed willingness to intervene on behalf of the Armenians, but were rejected by government officials in the Ottoman Empire. These events are reported daily in newspapers and literary journals all over the world. Many famous Americans including Theodore Roosevelt, William Jennings Bryan, Alice Stone Blackwell are opposed This tragedy is not the only genocide in the country. Another example of the massacre is the Armenian massacre. The Turks from the Ottoman Empire almost completely eradicate the Armenians. More than 100 million Armenians were killed and slaughtered in 1915 and 1916. Massacre of Armenia is caused by the "Young Turkish Party" - If you suddenly decide that you do not have the right to life due to your race or religion, are you afraid? Scary is that the term genocide is also called ethnic cleansing and it is not unusual for people living in this imperfect world full of violence, hatred and discrimination. This article provides a broad background explanation of the unique aspects of the Armenian slaughter. It focuses on three aspects of the Armenian genocide, with broader applicability to all genocide studies: (1) the distinction between Holocaust and genocide; (2) the use of technology to promote mass murder. Legacy of genocide. Between 1915 and 1918, the Ottoman Empire, governed by Muslim Turks, carried out policies to eliminate that Christian Armenian minority. Before the massacre, a series of carnage took place between 1894 and 1896 and 1909, followed by another genocide commencing in 1920. By 1922 Armenians were eradicated from their historic houses. April 24, 1915 is the beginning of the genocide of the first genocide in the 20th century, the Armenian genocide. About 1.8 million Armenian Turks were killed by Turkic brothers from April to October 1918. The leader of this genocide is never justice. The Turkish government concealed these crimes and even threatened even other countries from the actions of the Turkish government during the First World War. The United States is one of these countries. The recently appointed US president has not yet acknowledged genocide against the Armenians between 1915 and 1918 and was afraid of how it would affect the relationship between the country and Tours.

On May 29, 1453, the Turkish army under the command of Sultan Mehmet II occupied Constantinople. This town is also called Byzantium, the capital of the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire, the treasury of the Greek-Romantic world, the Christian world fortress of the East Mediterranean, and the east of Europe for about 1000 years. . Many historians have pointed out that this event is a landmark event in the beginnings of the Middle Ages and the present era. However, its importance is beyond the historical limit. The collapse of Constantinople - The collapse of Constantinople is the prisoner of the Byzantine Empire after the siege of the Ottoman Empire under the direction of the 21 - year - old Ottoman Empire Sultan Mehmet II. Byzantine emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos coach. The Italian Renaissance - the Italian Renaissance started in Italy from the end of the 13th century to the 16th century and was the earliest manifestation of the European Renaissance, symbolizing the relationship between the Middle Ages and early modern times. Transition Europe The Ottoman Empire, the capital of Constantinople and who dominated the land around the Mediterranean coast, was the center of exchanges between the East and the West for the sixth century. The Ottoman Empire was hit by a serious military defeat in the late 18th and early 19th centuries and urged to start a comprehensive process of reform and modernization called Tanjimat. The empire formed an alliance with Germany at the beginning of the 20th century and participated in World War I in order to restore the ambitions of the empire of its lost territory. The destruction of Constantinople, (May 29, 1453). After the 10th century war, defeat, and victory, the Byzantine Empire ended in May 1453 when Constantinople became the Ottoman Turk. The collapse of the city affected the Christian world. It is widely quoted as an event that marks the end of the medieval times of Europe. By the mid-15th century the Byzantine Empire had declined for a long time, but it is still an important fortress of Christian Europe, facing European Muslims. However, Ottoman Turkey expanded the territory to include the Balkans and Anatolia. As the Ottoman Empire spread around it, only Constantinople asserted the so-called immortal wall. For the Ottoman Empire, this city has gained great reputation as a center of Christianity faith in his opponent and as a symbol of the empire's power.

The city of Thessaloniki: The cultural, political and religious history (315 BC - 1912 BC) was once a wonderful city, the center of international business and culture. The harbor welcomes the escape of horrible and scarce immigrants; the vibrant streets are full of constantly changing local costumes with prolonged world languages ​​... with dual pillars of tolerance and trade, The city will diversify and the racial hatred lighthouse. This wonderful city is not New York, but Saronica (1), the "pearl of the Mediterranean". At the request of the residents, the Venetian army ruled the city of Thessaloniki (Thessaloniki). The army of the Ottoman Empire surrounding the city did not know anything about the transfer of power. Since Murad II lived peacefully with Venice, the Venetians thought that this behavior could not be accepted and declared full - fledged war. Murad soon surrounded Constantinople and acted to send his troops to Thessaloniki. The Venetians received reinforcements at sea, but when the Ottoman invaded the city the results were abandoned and the Venetians fled to their ship. But when the Turks began to plunder into the city, the Venetian fleet began bombing the city from the sea. The Ottoman Empire escaped and the fleet was able to stop the Ottoman Empire until the arrival of a new Venetian reinforcement to recapture the city. The result of the battle of Thessaloniki was the retreat of Murad and Serbia, and the alliance of Hungary and Venice. In 1430, the large fleet of the Ottoman Empire suddenly attacked Thessaloniki. Venetian signed a peace treaty in 1432. The treaty is given to the city of Thessaloniki of the Ottoman Empire and its surrounding land. In 1441, the war between Serbia and Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire stalled when Poland, Albania, and Jandarid and Karamanid invaded the Emirate (in violation of the Peace Treaty). Nils and Sophia went to Christian hands in 1443 and the first year after the empire experienced a major defeat in the battle of Yarrowes. On July 12, 1444 Murad signed a treaty officially handed over the Varna region of Wallachia and Bulgaria to Hungary, Western Bulgaria (including Sofia), Serbia and forced Murad to abstain him at the age of 12 and to support him did. My son Muhammad. In the second half of that same year, Christians were attacked again in violation of the Peace Treaty.

Persian art and architecture Persian art and architectural arts and architecture are currently produced in the Asian region known as Iran, known traditionally Persian * / ce 5 / CE 040 345. html *. The Iranian plateau is surrounded by vast mountains and deserts, has seen the flow of many migration and many cultural developments. All of these add unique characteristics to Persian art and architecture. Tehran has excellent Persian art collections, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, and the Victoria and Albert Museum. However, at this time unique Persian art and architecture appeared. This is Empire art of King Achaemeni embodied in the magnificent palace and royal tomb they ordered in the capital of Pasargadae, Persepolis and Susa. It is solemn and seeks to revere the tourists by showing the power of the king. The king of the early Achaemen, Cyrus, Darius, Xerxes, Artexerxes was prolific. Their typical buildings are large palaces decorated with large embossments depicting the compliments of the King's many themes. In the center of these complicated buildings and courtyards, the layout is spacious, not seen in Babylonian architecture, the auditorium with many rows is still impressive as remains. Persian art and architecture Persian art and architectural arts and architecture are currently produced in the Asian region known as Iran, known traditionally Persian * / ce 5 / CE 040 345. html *. The Iranian plateau is surrounded by vast mountains and deserts, has seen the flow of many migration and many cultural developments. All of these add unique characteristics to Persian art and architecture. - The Persian Gulf War is an unavoidable war in Iraq, which is inevitable in the Gulf region. There are several reasons why it can become a reality. How, when, and where this self-destruction process begins. Saddam Hussein is very obvious. President of Iraq is becoming a military giant in the Middle East and therefore poses a threat to the stability of the whole region. His war with Iran proved this The construction of the Ottoman Empire was influenced by Persian, Byzantine Greece, Islamic architecture. During the rise, during the early or first Ottoman period, the Ottoman art was searching for new ideas. The growth of the empire became the classical era of architecture, the art of the Ottoman Empire was the most confident. However, during the stagnation, the construction of the Ottoman empire departed from this style. During the tulip era, it was influenced by the very decorative style of Western Europe; Baroque, Rococo, Empire and other styles were mixed. The concept of Ottoman architecture mainly focuses on mosques. Mosques are indispensable for society, urban planning, and community life. In addition to the mosque, there are examples of Ottoman architecture in soup kitchen, seminary, hospital, hammam, tomb etc.

Contemporary work of the drama of the 18th century: This article is still valid today Today's work of the 18th century British major theaters, John Gay's opera, William Wickley's country wife, and George Eceram's model We will take up. William Congrave's "Way to the World", Richard Steele's "Conscious Lover", and Richard Brislie Sheridan's "Scandal School". British literature drama of the 18th century has endured the test of time in many ways. European literature of the 18th century refers to literature (poetry, theater, satire, novel) produced in Europe during this period. The development of the modern novel of the 18th century was regarded as a literary genre, but in reality many of the first British novel candidates can be traced back to this time. The subclass of the novel of the 18th century is a letter, a wise novel, a history, a Gothic novel, and a horny novel. The rise of modern Europe coincided with the decline of the Ottoman Empire that many scholars called, the Ottoman Empire faced political, military and economic collapse in the 18th century. Prior to the 18th century the Ottoman Empire was considered superior, but by the end of the 18th century I had the same power as Europe, but the power relations between the Ottoman Empire and Europe began to change. It is favored in Europe. In 1798 Napoleon Bonaparte occupied the Ottoman Empire and killed about 3,000 Egyptians. The occupation period was only three years, after which prolonged hostility towards France continued, but this experience ultimately brought enlightenment of the Egyptian people with enlightenment and new European skills. In modern history, the early end began in North America and France, with the arrival of the revolutionary era, in the late eighteenth century. The subsequent major political changes took place in Europe, such as the disorder after the Napoleonic War, the redrawing of the European map by the second Paris Convention, the emergence of the concept of new nationalism, and the reorganization of the military. The end of modern early days is also usually related to the industrial revolution that began in the mid-18th century in England.

In May 1941, the German army invaded Crete island in Greece. This shows the greatest air intrusion since the onset of aerial and aerial attacks. On June 4, 1940, Winston Churchill said, "In order to lose Crete Island there is not enough authority to commit a crime." After the Germans bombed the air strike, death and destruction became norms for the Axis, allies and the general public. I do not know who controlled the island of Crete. This is because many archaeological evidence on Crete was destroyed. Some historians believe Crete is governed by the king, but others believe that it is governed by a group of priestesses. Historians of ancient Greece insist that ancient historians hinted at the monarchy of Crete. Specifically, they believe that the king named Minos dominated Crete. - In this article we argue that the most powerful argument for defending abortion is provided by Judith Jarvis Thompson. She considers that abortion is still morally acceptable, regardless of whether the fetus is from the time of conception. Below we agree that abortion under "extreme conditions" is permitted as women's life is being threatened by the fetus. Humans settled on Crete at least 1.33 million years ago. During the Late Neolithic and Bronze Age, under the control of Minos, Crete had a highly developed and civilized civilization. It is ruled by various ancient Greek entities, the Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire, Crete, the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire. After the temporary independence of the Government of Crete (1897-1913), it joined the Kingdom of Greece. It was occupied by Nazi Germany during the Second World War After the Ottoman Empire won in Rhodes (1522) and Cyprus (1570), Crete (1669) became the last major island ruled by the Ottoman Empire in the eastern Mediterranean. Before the occupation of the Ottoman Empire, Crete was one of the largest and most famous foreign holdings in the Republic of Venice. The island is very important for the Ottoman Empire because of its strategic position on the route between Istanbul and Egypt, as well as its role as a safe harbor for pirates. In July 1644, the ship of the Ottoman Empire to Egypt carried the former black U.S. official in Haarlem of Cairo, Cairo and many pilgrims heading for Mecca captured and occupied by the Order of Malta. Correspondingly, the Ottoman Empire collected large fleets in 1645 and had no clear target, but believed that many people would sail in Malta. In June 1645, the Ottoman Empire began a campaign on Crete.

The Diocletian reform established four dominance called Tetrarchy, and the four emperors dominated the newly reclassified Roman Empire. Diocletian did not know that this special reform would be a civil warfare path. In 306 years after the retreat of Diocletian, I was promoted to the empire to rule the Konstanz Empire after the death of his father and Augustus. During the reign of Konstantin, he soon gained popularity and strengthened his power, while the rest of the emperor competed and quarreled. The collapse of Constantinople - The collapse of Constantinople is the prisoner of the Byzantine Empire after the siege of the Ottoman Empire under the direction of the 21 - year - old Ottoman Empire Sultan Mehmet II. Byzantine emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos coach. The Italian Renaissance - the Italian Renaissance started in Italy from the end of the 13th century to the 16th century and was the earliest manifestation of the European Renaissance, symbolizing the relationship between the Middle Ages and early modern times. Transition Europe Many scholars believe that during the collapse of Constantinople in 1453 and the collapse of Constantinople the wave of immigrants by Byzantine scholars and exiles was the key to the resurgence of Greek and Roman studies, I believe that it brought Renaissance. Humanism and development of science These exiles are grammatologists, humanists, poets, writers, printers, lecturers, musicians, astronomers, architects, scholars, artists, scribes, philosophers, scientists, politicians and others He is a theologian. They brought more knowledge about their own (Greek) civilization to Western Europe. Due to the collapse of Constantinople in 1453, Greek and Roman books that had not been used for centuries were stored in Constantinople and fled to Europe. With this and the invention of printing presses in about 1450 years, the pace of learning in the European Renaissance accelerated. The destruction of Constantinople, (May 29, 1453). After the 10th century war, defeat, and victory, the Byzantine Empire ended in May 1453 when Constantinople became the Ottoman Turk. The collapse of the city affected the Christian world. It is widely quoted as an event that marks the end of the medieval times of Europe. By the mid-15th century the Byzantine Empire had declined for a long time, but it is still an important fortress of Christian Europe, facing European Muslims. However, Ottoman Turkey expanded the territory to include the Balkans and Anatolia. As the Ottoman Empire spread around it, only Constantinople asserted the so-called immortal wall. For the Ottoman Empire, this city has gained great reputation as a center of Christianity faith in his opponent and as a symbol of the empire's power.

Indian Ocean Trade 650-1000 The impact of Islamic expansion on AD is very important for the development of Indian Ocean trade. This article shows a case study of material and written evidence to gain insights on how the expansion of Islam will affect trade in the Indian Ocean. Wink (1990, 7) pointed out that "until the eleventh century, Muslims have only entered into the countless Al-Hind kingdoms as traders." During the first century after the Prophet's death, Muslim dominated from Spain to India and the Far East. The expansion of the influence of Islam in the Indian Ocean promoted commerce. It establishes a common bond between rulers and trading families and allows them to work under the cover of a common culture. In addition to rulers and businessmen, the majority of the population, even the town, holds the African faith. Using Swahili as a language, it combines African and Muslim customs to form a vibrant culture. Pedigrees pass through maternal and paternal lines. Muslims do not penetrate much inside Indian Ocean Trade 650-1000 The impact of Islamic expansion on AD is very important for the development of Indian Ocean trade. This article shows a case study of material and written evidence to gain insights on how the expansion of Islam will affect trade in the Indian Ocean. Wink (1990, 7) pointed out that "until the eleventh century, Muslims have only entered into the countless Al-Hind kingdoms as traders." - Since I got a bachelor's degree at Tezide University, all the experience here has become a new experience for me. In my home country of Malaysia, it never exceeded 6,522 miles. Britain and Malaysia are two countries of the same size, 243,610 square kilometers in the UK and 328,550 square kilometers in Malaysia. However, people in both countries have big differences in food, religion, architecture, and culture. In the conquest of the Arab land in the 16th century, the Ottoman Empire (1300-1923) began to dominate some of the major hinterlands of the West Indian Ocean Trade. However, this expansion confronted the Ottoman Empire with Portuguese trying to establish monopoly with advantageous spice trade. Participation by the Ottoman Empire in the first half of the 16th century was limited to the western half of the Indian Ocean, but in the latter half of the 16th century the Sultan of Southeast Asia and the Ottoman Empire have formed an alliance. Meaning The participation of the Ottoman Empire into the Indian Ocean was resumed in the nineteenth century, which was also a response to colonial activities in Europe. At the same time, commercial and religious relations, in particular the pilgrimage, mean that only limited coastal areas are dominated, but the Ottoman Empire plays an important role in the Indian Ocean.

This seems to contradict the stiffest stereotype of the modern Islamic statue, but a model that attracts people while preserving the freedom of religion is part of the anthropological DNA of religion. In the context of its appearance and expansion, and in the infinite fragmentation of Islamic beliefs, principles of pluralism are naturally forged. One of the best examples of institutionalization can be found in the millet system established by the aforementioned Ottoman Empire. The three millet are Greek - orthodox, Armenian and Jewish. As the dominant religion of the empire, Islam is not included in the millet system. Thus, religion is the official "identity" of a person, but coexists with other symbols that may overlap each other, such as clans, villages, religion, the Ottoman Empire. The moment became more important. Rashid Khalidi, a historian of Columbia University and a professor of contemporary Arab studies, says "The identity of the indigenous peoples was in a wider Ottoman context until the First World War." . "But it does not mean that they do not think they are Jews, Christians, Muslims, or people of a particular city, or sneaks, Shiites, etc." Under the millet system, non-Muslim people are considered to be subjects of the Empire, but they are not bound by Muslim faiths or Muslim laws. For example, Orthodox millet is still legally bound by the Justinian Code, which has been effective in the Byzantine Empire for 900 years. Furthermore, as the largest non-Muslim theme (or Jinmi) group in the Muslim Ottoman countries, orthodox millets must acquire many privileges in the political and commercial fields and pay higher taxes than Muslim themes not. In society, the Ottoman Turks are each millet or country within the Empire, and according to the religious beliefs of Xiaomi there are different social conventions. Like the Islamic law, Muslim women are severely restricted, but non-Muslim women are bound by different laws. Even Muslim women have more rights than other Muslim countries. In the Savvied Empire society, they are mixed societies like the Ottoman Empire. The power and influence of aristocrats are limited. The Ottoman Empire was very concentrated and had been ruled by the royal family for over 7 centuries. Islam's thoughts and beliefs are the main religion of the empire. They have a very strong army, often accepting ideas from other areas and using them as their own ideas. The main purpose of the Ottoman Empire is to expand. Both the Ottoman Empire and the Mughal Empire come from the ancestors of Turkey and Mongolia

It can not be denied that the 17th century was an era of Hungarian great division, war and turmoil. After the events of the last century, Hungary is still divided into three different fields. The biggest one is the Ottoman Empire, which is directly dominated by Constantinople including the south and southeast of Hungary. Secondly, in the eastern kingdom of Hungary, founded in 1526, after the Hungarian army was defeated in Mohaach's first fight, he called for support of Sultan Suleiman, crowned by the hostile faction of aristocracy to King Hungary did. Become a vassal of Sudan. In Suleiman's victory, the Austrian Habsburg dynasty tried to regain control of Hungary. Although the battle began in the majority of the 1540's, Suleiman was strong. Within a few years the Habsburg dynasty was forced to give up Hungary's dream. The war in Hungary ended, but the hatred between the Habsburg dynasty and the Ottoman Empire lasted until the 20th century. Suleiman is not only a warrior but also a politician and an artist. During his reign, he enacted the law on Ottoman culture, taxation, education and criminal justice. These laws known as Kanuns will rule the empire after Suleiman 's death. He will also tell us the arrival of the era of Ottoman golden age, art, poetry, literature and architecture. The relationship between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg dynasty and Hungary started in the latter half of the 14th century and entered a military battle period immediately after the support of the Hungarian and Habsburg dynasties and of the Byzantine Empire to the Ottoman Empire Crusade. Due to the debate over Serbia, the Ottoman Empire - the Hungarian struggle was further intensified in the 15th century. After Suleiman the Magnificent brought the bulk of Hungary under the control of the Ottoman Empire, Habsburgs claimed to have the same land, and the two great countries participated in the competition for centuries . Ottoman reigned Hungary up to the second siege of Vienna in 1683. And it has a long-term impact on the cultural, political and economic history of Hungary. King Hungarian ThökölyImre (1657-1705), Rákóczi Frenc (1676-1735), and Lajos Kossuth (1802-1894) evacuated to the Ottoman Empire and added a new dimension to the relationship between the Ottoman Empire and Hungary.

During the Holocaust, Hitler killed more than 11 million people. This tragedy is not the only genocide in the country. Another example of genocide is Armenian genocide. The Turks of the Ottoman Empire almost completely eradicate Armenians. In 1915 and 1916, more than 100 million Armenians were killed and slaughtered. Genocide by Armenians was caused by the "young Turkish party". The extinction of Armenians was done in a malicious, uninformed way. For the past several thousand years Armenians have been traded in many countries because they are the center of Europe and Russia. Combining this fact with the historical tragedy of the country of Armenia (massacre of Turkey in 1915), you can understand how to adapt to Armenian's new environment, such as IT revolution and new trends. This tragedy is not the only genocide in the country. Another example of genocide is Armenian genocide. The Turks of the Ottoman Empire almost completely eradicate Armenians. In 1915 and 1916, more than 100 million Armenians were killed and slaughtered. The massacre of Armenia is promised by the "Youth Turkish Party" - if someone suddenly decides that you should disappear as he thinks that you are not terrible due to your rights to race and religion, genocide The term is also known as ethnic cleansing. Of course, it is not unusual for people living in this non perfect world, full of violence, hatred and discrimination. This article provides a broad background explanation of the unique aspects of the Armenian slaughter. It focuses on three aspects of the Armenian genocide, with broader applicability to all genocide studies: (1) the distinction between Holocaust and genocide; (2) the use of technology to promote mass murder. The heritage of genocide. Between 1915 and 1918, the Ottoman Empire, governed by Muslim Turks, carried out policies to eliminate that Christian Armenian minority. This massacre underwent a series of massacres from 1894 to 1896 before 1909 and was eradicated from the hometown of history from the 1920s to 1922 until the Armenian slaughter.

Influence of Othello Turks In Shakespeare plays, Turkish Othello is a dark enemy and has always been hiding in the background but has never seen it. Although not shown in the drama, the Turks played an important role in Othello: the Turks and the reference to their Muslim / heathen culture show progress and clarify the theme of the tragedy . The Ottoman Empire is the closest Islamic country to Shakespeare Europe and the most dangerous country. The collapse of Constantinople in 1453 told the complete destruction of the old Byzantine Empire and the emergence of a new Ottoman Turkish. Reading after the colony is concentrated on Ottoman Turkish masterpieces in the play. Shakespeare painted Othello conspiracy from the short story of Gli Hecatommithi (1565) of Giraldi Cinthio but set his play in the context of Venice's struggle against the Ottoman Empire of Cyprus in the 1570s. Eastern Mediterranean islands between the routes. And East Trade Center. Venice had Cyprus from 1470 to 1569, but the Turkish army occupied the island in 1571. In the second half of that year, the Christian Powers Union beat the Turks in a famous levant fight. As a young man, James VI of Scotland (James I of England in 1603) celebrated the fight, fought against 'bttiz' d 'wartt and circumcised Turband Turkes. What Othello states as "Turks" or "Transfiguration of the Turks" caused an intermittent confrontation between European Christian forces and the Islamic Ottoman Empire. Religion is the theme of Shakespeare Othello. Hatred is born in religion and economy. As the Turks are Muslims, Othello ignored them, further insulted them, and called one of them "a circumcision dog". He is a religious Christian, a war for Christians. The handkerchief event made Othello angry, and anger linked him to the previous Christian or former Muslim faith. Initially, he said he would break Desdemona apart, but later prepared for killing her as a victim. If you notice what you did, he will kill himself because he killed the Turks (he is running a Turkish and he is looking at him as an anti Christian). During the Shakespeare era, Britain was mainly Protestant and Spain was a Catholic country.

On March 25, 1821 the Greeks began fighting for independence from the Turks. After countless battle in about 8 years, Greece won independence in 1829. Without the help of their ally, their independence will not be realized, they are primarily France, Russia and the UK. Philips or Greek loving people in these countries will support Greece and their revolution succeeded thanks to their support. Without the help of various British influential philosophers, Greece can not gain independence. The Greek Revolutionary War (1821-1829), also known as the Greek Revolution, was a war successful for the Greeks to win the independence of the Ottoman Empire. After a long and bloodlike struggle, and with the power of the great powers, the Constantinople Treaty finally gained independence in 1832 July. Therefore the Greeks were the first independent sovereign states recognized as the major people of the Ottoman Empire. The anniversary of Independence Day (March 25, 1821) is the national day of Greece on the same day as announcing of Our Lady Maria. European support is very important, but it is not obvious to support the revolution. Embrace the Romanticism of ancient Greece as an inspiration behind European art, philosophy, culture, Christian hostility towards Islam, pure devotion to the people of the Ottoman Empire, and force to gather in Greece Today, about 200 years ago, farmers found two part ancient statues on Milos Island in Greece. Lord Byron, a British poet, lost his life was an independent romantic struggle in Greece, he hid the ancient Toschis authorities. However, some Turkish officers somehow found the statue from poor peasants and robbed them. The French authorities soon fell in love with Venus and the French authorities greatly advertised this statue. After the defeat of Napoleon, France had to return to Florence's Medici Venus. So Milovinas is a great opportunity to exchange classic masterpieces. Critics, artists, and scholars soon began praising the virtues and qualities of the statue. The only decline is Renoir, he never camouflaged his aversion of Venus, he called it a "great gendarmer."

When I saw the French occupation chronicle for the first time, it seemed to be only an explanation of Napoleonic era in Egypt, but this article is more content than the eyes. This article, written by Egyptians rather than Europeans, is not what the Europeans have taught and taught, but provides a different view of the events in Egypt. This article is a different view, but shows strong cultural prejudice and ethnocentricism from the Egyptians to the French people. Napoleon - On July 2, 1798 Napoleon Bonaparte came to Egypt, opened up a new stage in the history of Egypt and the history of the Middle East, surprised the satisfaction of Egyptians and Ottoman Turks. So far the Egyptians have no knowledge of European cultural and technical outcomes. Murad Bey dispatched a well-equipped untrained unit to meet the Napoleonic army's 40,000 people. After being completely defeated, he quickly left Cairo and ordered to fire the city. Surprisingly, Napoleon entered Egypt with motive in addition to imperialism. Napoleon led the French army to Egypt and occupied the area until 1801 as part of the 1798 Mediterranean campaign. During his Egypt occupation, Napoleon protected French trade interests and was intended to prevent Britain from entering India. Although Napoleon's goal was not realized, he introduced modern science into Egypt to make Egypt a modern industrial society. The possibility of this "new Egypt" is very interesting to the UK. Especially after the defeat of Napoleon, the UK was eager to occupy Egypt and secure a quick way to India. When Napoleon came back from Italy, it was suggested that he invaded Britain. Instead he decided to break into Egypt owned by the UK. After becoming despised by the British navy, Napoleon landed in Egypt and was soon occupied. When Napoleon was inland, the British army destroyed the French fleet and brought Napoleon to Egypt. In the beginning of 1799, the Ottoman Empire declared a war with France. In order to prevent the Ottoman Empire from invading Egypt, Napoleon invaded Syria but was rejected by the Turkish army. By the middle of 1799, Napoleon decided to return to France as the second coalition (consisting of the Ottoman and Austrian) beat the European French army. Egypt maintained semi-autonomy right under Mamluk until the invasion of the French Napoleonic Bonaparte army in 1798 (see France campaign in Egypt and Syria). After the French defeated by the British, Egypt created the Albanian mercenaries who served the Turks of the Ottoman Empire who dominated Egypt for centuries, Mamluk of Egypt, and the Ottoman Empire. After the French were expelled, in 1805, the Albanian army commander Muhammad Ali Pasha of the Ottoman army of Egypt gained power. He has the title of Governor of Egypt, but subordination of the Ottoman portal is only a nominal one. Muhammad Ali slaughtered Mamluk and founded the dynasty which governed Egypt until the 1952 revolution.

Http://college.hmco.com/history/west/mckay/western_society/7e/students/outlines/ch26.html Egyptian western invasion Muhammad Ali attracted European traders, modernizing Egypt and Turkey We established the country. He drafted farmers, reformed the government, and improved communication. The farmers failed because the land changed from a self-sufficient farm to a large private estate and cultivated cash crops for export. Ismail continued modernizing Egypt, including the completion of the Suez Canal, but it also left the country with debt. There are three main forms of Western imperialism in the Middle East: 1) direct colonization, 2) foreign diplomatic pressure from the Ottoman empire to adapt to the economic interests of Europe, 3) port south of Arabia and Persia Concluding a treaty with the Muslim chief who permits entry into the UK into England (Amster, 2005). In the First World War, the Ottoman Empire signed an alliance with Germany and Austria - Hungary and Russia, Russia was a traditional competitor and signed a contract with England and France. When the First World War ended and the Ottoman Empire collapsed, Britain and France were out of battle, but Americans sealed the direct colony, so signing the mission system under the supervision of 1920 Did. The International League (Rockman, 2004). Task rules give power to dominate European winners, but only when the rulers have finally prepared for autonomy. In the second half of the century, a new form of European imperialism appeared. Western imperialism is one of the most important social and political events, shaping the Middle East into today's things. The scholars divided the Middle East into areas still enveloped in the form of Western imperialists (Rockman, 2004). Its most recent was US imperialism by forcibly occupying Iraq and Afghanistan and maintaining a regional military base. As defined in this article, Western imperialism refers to a phenomenon that began in the 17th century, European countries began to expand the influence on the Middle East through direct colonial rule, and in the early 18th century former Arab colonies Has been released (Fieldhouse, 2006).

As I looked in the websites and books listed in the citation section of my paper, I found that the young Turks are an important part of the history of Turkey and Armenia. The young Turkish is an union of reform groups that have led a revolutionary movement against Sultan Abdulhamid II of the Ottoman Empire. He had absolute power, they opposed him because they wanted to eliminate foreign influences and regain Turkey's pride. The Eustark movement began at Imperial College in Istanbul. The young Turks are perpetrators of the Armenian slaughter. The emergence of youthful Turkish movement was a response to absolute control of Sultan Abdul Hamit II (1876-1909). With the suspension of the Ottoman constitution in 1878, the reform-oriented Ottoman Empire was organized abroad or underground. The pillar of exercise is composed of young officers who are particularly afflicted with the decline of the power of the Ottoman Empire and attributed the crisis to the environment lacking change and progress. When European and Turkish Ottoman armies supported publicly the movement, the young Turkish succeeded in overthrowing the authoritarian Sultan's rule. When the anti - revolution opened by the palace was suppressed in April 1909, the young Turkish needed their intervention to suppress further public support. In terms of nationalism, young Turks have undergone a gradual change. Starting from the beginning with the participation of Tanzimat and members who are not Turkish, the young Turkish accepted the official national ideology: Ottomanism. However, the patriotism of the Ottoman Empire did not take root during the first Constitution era and the subsequent years. Because the Turkish symbols are used exclusively, intellectuals of the Ottoman empire other than ethnic refused this idea. Turkish nationalists gradually acquired political superiority, and after the 1902 meeting people attended more attention to nationalism. At the present time, Ahmed Riza replaced the word "Ottoman" with "Turkish" and changed the focus from Ottomanism to Turkish nationalism. In 1908, Sultan Abdulhamid was knocked down by a young Turkish Etihad. Young Turks promised to provide freedom, justice and equality to all the themes of the Ottoman Empire. Initially Armenians and ethnic minorities were satisfied with the young Turkish people (Suny 106). In fact, the Armenian party Dashnaktsutiun Revolutionary Party is allied with the alliance and the progressive council. The Armenians are satisfied that the young Turkish people intend to revive the Constitution. As young Turks grabbed power, social hostility among the various ethnic groups of the Empire was born (Suny 106). The reversal of the traditional Muslim class caused dissatisfaction with the elements of Christian, European and European living, filtered by the Ottoman Empire (Suny 107).

This article will analyze and explain all causes and factors that led to the choice of Constantinople as the capital of the East of the Empire. From the outset it will be as clear as possible why to create this catalytic "behavior" that provides driving force in the new era. Overall, after evaluating the above, the choice of other places in Constantinople will be regarded as the geographical location, the religious and economic factor of the eastern capital of the Empire. Constantinople is an ancient city of modern Turkey, now known as Istanbul. In the beginning of the 7th century BC Constantinople evolved into a prosperous port for the strategic position between Europe and Asia and its natural harbor. In 330 AD the it became the "New Roman" ruins of the Christian town with the enormous wealth of Roman emperor Constantine and magnificent architecture. Constantinople was the seat of the Byzantine Empire for the next 100 years and had experienced huge wealth and terrible siege until 1453 beyond Muhammad II of the Ottoman Empire. "The collapse of Constantinople" is the capital of the Byzantine empire known as Constantinople. This was an attack by the Ottoman Empire under the command of Sultan Mehmet II of the 21-year-old Ottoman Empire. According to Julian's calendar, this capture continued from Friday, April 6, 1453 until Tuesday, May 29, 1453. After conquest, Muhammad II made Constantinople the capital of the Ottoman Empire. The Renaissance began around 1500 BCE from around 1500 BC and began in the era of religion, creation, and era, not the church, but the age of celebrating the ancient times, writers and thinkers, and the possibilities of human beings. The term Renaissance means playback. In the Middle Ages, Greek and Roman concepts of people like Plato and Aristotle were used only for theology. But during Renaissance, the work and ideas of Greece and Rome were rediscovered. These ideas are celebrated outside religion. Many scholars believe that during the collapse of Constantinople in 1453 and the collapse of Constantinople the wave of immigrants by Byzantine scholars and exiles was the key to the resurgence of Greek and Roman studies, I believe that it brought Renaissance. Humanism and development of science These exiles are grammatologists, humanists, poets, writers, printers, lecturers, musicians, astronomers, architects, scholars, artists, scribes, philosophers, scientists, politicians and others He is a theologian. They brought more knowledge about their own (Greek) civilization to Western Europe.

If there is a long-term war with Iraq (or other country), this may affect the British fiscal deficit. If monetary policy, b) inflation, and c) unemployment are affected, they will also be tracked. The economic policies followed by the countries involved in the war are, of course, different from the economic policies the country follows in peaceful times. Britain is now just a few steps away from the war with Iraq and for many people there are many problems with war. Iraq is a purely legitimate being made by the division of the Ottoman Empire - after the First World War it consisted of two adventure diplomats, French and British. For the benefit of the two Western powers, the lines drawn on the map are gathered together and made up of the imported Hashidites, and since then the east kingdoms of Turkey and Arab have been king of Iraq, Kurds and sects The Tigris and Euphrates river basins, which mainly speaks Shi'a native language, are not recognized by the Ottoman empire as a legitimate religious faction, nor share the traditional government form. Iraq is one of the oldest centers of human civilization and has long been known as Mesopotamia or "land between rivers". Modern Iraq was formed after the First World War (1914 - 18), the Empire of the Imperial War. At the end of the war, the winner took over the colony of the loser. Britain and France took over the majority of the Middle East from the defeated Turkish Ottoman Empire and separated them. The former Ottoman Basra, Baghdad, Mosul province became the new British "Iraqi mission". The UK was also given Palestine by the newly established "League of Nations". France got a "mission" in Lebanon and Syria today. These are all colonies. Basically, the mission system is reasonable and Arab people need to guide British and French to prepare for 'autonomy'. The 58th anniversary of the revolution in Iraq. The 1958 revolution ended 40 years British rule The second case is Iraq. Iraq was the territory of the Ottoman Empire and then became a British mission after the First World War. When Britain took over after the war, they appointed the Sunni Arab nationalist Faisal as the king of Iraq. He is not an Iraqi because he is from Hejaz (now near Mecca and Medina in Saudi Arabia). But during the war he worked side by side with British officer "Lawrence of Arabia" and Iraq was compensated. Therefore he is an Arab nationalist, but his position in Iraq is attributed to British.

The main task of the Turkish Association is to adopt a new alphabet, find new words instead of Ottoman, and study the history of Turkey. The theory of solar language is the result of nationalism and patriotism of this period. On the contrary, Ahıska and Yenal emphasized that "a language has been substituted for the prohibited Ottoman term." (44) You can infer that Turkish has found another way instead of improving the Ottoman language. Official language Turkish is the first language of 90% out of 63 million people. Minority languages ​​include Kurdish which accounts for 6% of the population. 1.2% of the Turkish population speaks Arabic, most speakers speak bilingual Arabic and Turkish. Other minority languages ​​include more than 0.09% circusian nationwide, and Greek, Armenian, and Romance Judezmo used by Jews. The state is secular, but Islam is the religion of most Turks. Muslim is from today's Saudi Arabia. The Prophet Muhammad was regarded as the last messenger of God to inspire humanity (in accordance with Jesus, Moses, Abraham, etc). He is characterized by communicating information not only to certain people, but also to the entire human race. When Moses took the Torah and the Bible of Jesus, Muhammad brought the last book of the Quran. Ottoman Turkish is the official language of the Empire. This is the Oghuz Turkic language which is strongly influenced by Persian and Arabic. The Ottoman Empire there is a language with some of the influence: Turkish, most of the Anatolian people, and most people except the Albanians and Bosnians, Persian, education only, Arabic, mainly Arab, Iraq , Kuwait, Levant, African corners, and parts of Berber in North Africa. During the past two centuries these uses have become limited. Specifically, Persian is mainly used as an educated literary language, Arabic is used for Islamic prayers. Minority Group The written language is a complex language written in Ottoman Turkish, Arabic script. However, in the Arabic alphabet, there is no character that represents much of the sound used in Turkish. Ottoman Turkish was very difficult, so the government created a new alphabet in 1928 and deleted most foreign words from the language. In addition, I am a member of the language education program nationwide and prohibit the use of Ottoman Turkish. The Turkish houses are different, the Turks living near the Black Sea are building a cottage with a roof with a roof with wood from nearby forests. In the rural areas of Thrace and Anatolia northeast, a lot of people have replaced the old wooden houses in the concrete blocks of concrete. Many villagers in the center of Anatolia live in a brick house of the roof roof roof. Stone houses are common in southern and western Anatolia. Most of the wealthy Turks, live in a house of luxury concrete block, which is in the suburbs and the outskirts of the apartment building

A new currency system was established, initially adopting rigorous conditions where tax sources were rarely known (Taussig 161). Banknotes that may bypass the scope of the Constitution eventually set the priorities of the modern government and on July 17, 1861, in order to fund short-term belief wars, Congress 200 million I approved a $ 50 million national loan. 35). This term refers to the measures of the Northern Democratic Party for all assistance for the war against the Federation. These "Peace and Democratic Party" are convinced that wars are focused on the power of the state, and this development eventually brings greater risk to the country than the military challenge of south anti-government forces. Many Northern Europeans strongly suspect non-patriotic motives behind these democratic wars and attacks against the government. Republicans call them immoral. Indeed, the activities of some people seemed to be related to treason, Lincoln worried that he expressed fear of "rear fires". The United States declared a war with Germany on April 6, 1917, but initially had not declared war with other central government, Woodrow Wilson said in a speech in his northeast "embarrassing Disorder ". Congress declared war on the Austrian-Hungarian Empire on December 7, 1917, but did not declare war on the various other battle parties that formed an alliance with the central government, Bulgaria, the Ottoman empire, or the central government. Therefore, the United States does not participate in military operations in Central and Eastern Europe, Middle East, Caucasus, North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and the Pacific. World War I and World War II had a major impact on the political geography of Europe. World War I (1914-1918) issued about 16 million deaths. The central government (German Empire, Austria - Hungarian Empire, led by the Ottoman Empire) fell to the power of the Allies (UK, France, Russian Empire led). By the end of the war, the Austrian-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire collapsed and split into more than 12 independent countries. The border between existing countries such as Poland and Russia has been completely subdivided

In the Turkish style, Ogier de Busbecq wrote articles on Ottoman society women. He talked about the laws and requirements of Turkish women / wives. The Turks are known as "the most cautious people in the world, my wife is modest." In this society, I think that the humility of the wife will not be compromised even if it hides in the place silently, but when they appeared, they had to take them to the street in an abnormal situation, "They sent So they were wrapped in a veil and wrapped, they seem to be the gliding ghost just met them. "After marriage their wives can not go beyond their limits . I would like to analyze several Western European accounts of the Ottoman Empire from the Turkish expression written by Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq who described the Ottoman Empire with a series of letters written between the Austrian Empire, Ambassador of Ferdinand I is. From 1554 to 1562, from the Roman Empire to the Ottoman Empire. This article includes three areas of particular interest to me: Turkish Army, lack of openness or borrowing of other cultures by Turks, and analysis of Christian slavery. Busbecq shows the record of the Ottoman Empire that attracts witnesses from the standpoint of a well-educated Western observer, in the "magnificent" of Sultan Suleiman, the largest ruler of the Ottoman Empire. In that letter, Busbecq explains some of the work and details of the Turkish army, including interesting information about "Janissaries". In 1990, psychologist Robert Jay Leifton received a letter from Nuzhet Kandemir of the Turkish embassy asking that he mentioned the mention of Armenian genocide in a book. This ambassador mistakenly included a draft of the letter written by scholar Heath W. Lowry. In 1996, Lori was appointed Chairman of Princeton University. And it was funded by the Turkish government and caused a discussion about scholarship ethics. The Armenian slaughter is a historical event and the official Turkish opinion is unacceptable. Many Turkish institutions, especially political institutions and bureaucracies, are not going to be responsible for this historic event. The official view of Turkey has caused some arguments about Armenian massacre. Prior to the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, the massacre of Armenia was not denied. - In the early stages of World War I, members of the Armenian race began to deal with the racial prejudices from the Turks, which quickly led to genocide. The term genocide means deliberate destruction of nationality or ethnicity. As part of the Ottoman Empire in 1915, Turkey set the goal of eliminating prominent Armenians and taking the initiative to destroy enemies forever.

This is very important for several reasons. Some of these are primarily close to the extinction of American Indians, as well as European exploration by many animals and resources. Another reason is that Europeans first settled in the USA. This course examines the great era of expansion of Asia and Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries and explores the foundation of the empire. From the era of exploration to the age of trade, until the era of European colonization, the relationship between Europe and local people has experienced major changes in cultural contact, economic exploitation and political control. The course analyzes the results of these relationships between Europeans and their dominant Asians. It also considers why and how the empire dominates its power and dominates the emergence of a new national identity in Asia. Prerequisite: Course attribute including AP or IB credit G4 · Part C: Write a paper statement (1 to 2 sentences) to answer the question "Identify the reason for the European exploration era". Please rate the achievements of the European exploration era in achieving the golden age of Europe (Renaissance). Remember, your paper statement must do more than simply resubmit the question. It must prove that you have read and understood the document. The expansion of the Ottoman empire frightened the Europeans. The Ottoman army seems almost invincible, and the desire to expand the empire is infinite. In France of the 16th century, there were many books on the threat of Turkey as much as the United States. The power of the Ottoman Empire helps explain some missionary passionate Christians to new areas. It also caused economic problems. Eastern trade routes go to the hands of the Ottoman Empire, people in Europe need to find a new trade route.

Constantinople, where Constantinople collapsed in the year CE, is one of the capital cities in the world. This city is located between Asia and Europe and is a diverse and strategic place. Many waters around the peninsula provide many trade routes and protections to Constantinople. To further enhance safety, well-known walls are also being constructed. Constantinople finally became a beautiful city filled with power and wealth. The Greek heritage is separated from the West by its orthodox religion. The collapse of Constantinople - The collapse of Constantinople is the prisoner of the Byzantine Empire after the siege of the Ottoman Empire under the direction of the 21 - year - old Ottoman Empire Sultan Mehmet II. Byzantine emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos coach. The Italian Renaissance - the Italian Renaissance started in Italy from the end of the 13th century to the 16th century and was the earliest manifestation of the European Renaissance, symbolizing the relationship between the Middle Ages and early modern times. Transition Europe "The collapse of Constantinople" is the capital of the Byzantine empire known as Constantinople. This was an attack by the Ottoman Empire under the command of Sultan Mehmet II of the 21-year-old Ottoman Empire. According to Julian's calendar, this capture continued from Friday, April 6, 1453 until Tuesday, May 29, 1453. After conquest, Muhammad II made Constantinople the capital of the Ottoman Empire. The Renaissance began around 1500 BCE from around 1500 BC and began in the era of religion, creation, and era, not the church, but the age of celebrating the ancient times, writers and thinkers, and the possibilities of human beings. The term Renaissance means playback. In the Middle Ages, Greek and Roman concepts of people like Plato and Aristotle were used only for theology. However, during the Renaissance, works and ideas of Greece and Rome were rediscovered. These ideas are celebrated outside religion.

In my country Armenia, everyone likes to go to different places. People like to go out on the weekends. I like to visit Armenia in my country. You and your friend will travel to Armenia. Armenia is a small country in Europe and part of the Soviet Union. But you have to do some preparatory work and some research to get the most out of your time and money. So, my country, Armenia has many interesting and attractive sights. Now I would like to introduce some beautiful places in Armenia in our country. Photo: https: //unsplash.com I was born in the 1970s, but my imagination is totally different from the Western experience. My home country Armenia was in the southeast of the border with Europe and was part of the Soviet Union. One of the benefits of that, I would say that in my native language, Armenian rule, I also learned Russian, Lingua Franca, hence bilingual. In addition to reading Armenian literature for centuries, I am also proud of the fact that I also studied Tolstoy and Dostoevsky, Pushkin and Chekhov. I wrote poetry and prose at school as a scholar - Armenian and Russian - but I seriously began to write cultural and cultural journalists of Post Soviet Armenian media; firstly, with newspapers and TV There was a radio, I would interview famous artists, report art every day, and write scripts for travel, youth and music programs. There are several history related to you - this country has experienced difficulties in history. Armenia is part of the Ottoman Empire. Armenia maintained a peaceful relationship with the Ottoman Empire, during the First World War until the beginning of the 20th century, the Ottoman Empire systematically occupied most of Armenia. After the Russian revolution in 1918, Armenia founded the first Republic. The Republic was a part of the Soviet Union and broke up until it became independent. Because of its history, you can imagine that Turkey is not very cute among the Armenians and is sensitive when you talk to local people about their country and history.

Given the experience of unforgettable Montenegro, there is an image that always appears in my mind. That picture is the bridge of the river we swam. There is no name on this bridge, but it does not reduce the importance for residents in the area. It contains various historical facts, information and stories. It is too small to carry a car, but it allows people to move from one city to another without driving. The Bar - Boljare Expressway in Montenegro indicates this. It was built by China Road and Bridge Corporation (CRBC) and was offered by Exim Bank for a loan of 899 million euros. The International Monetary Fund argues that unless a highway is built, the debt of Montenegro will not rise to 78% of GDP in 2019, but will decrease to 59% of GDP. Highway is a typical example of many BRI projects, mainly constructed using Chinese workers and materials, the Montenegro government points out its necessity. I repaid the loan, but the Chinese policy bank receives interest. . In addition, Chinese contractors engaged in highways are exempt from VAT or tariffs on imported materials. Construction began on May 11, 2015, the length of the highway line was 40.871 km, using Montenegro national highway standards, referring to European regulations. These construction standards are applied to bi-directional 4-lane roads with a design speed of 100 km / h and a construction period of 4 years. The highway extends through the mountain from the south to the north. From a technical point of view, it is very tough and construction is very difficult. Bridges and tunnels account for about 60% of all routes. In recent years, it is the largest infrastructure project in Montenegro, and implementation of the project is very difficult. Yugoslavia is a federal state located in the Midwest of the Balkans. It is two allied countries, the alliance of the Republic of Serbia and Montenegro. Serbia is an inland country, but Montenegro formed a southwestern bridge from the south of Serbia to the Adriatic Sea. Serbs have lived in Kosovo and Metohiya since the 6th century, but they occupy only a tenth of the population. The field of interest is Yugoslavia's least developed region. For more than two centuries the Yugoslav region was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. In the 15th and 16th centuries, the Ottoman Empire was the world's most powerful empire. Many people were called during the reignals the night of the Ottoman Empire, but society made significant progress during this period. In the 17th century, a massive uprising of armed farmer groups and the collapse of the Ottoman Empire led to the escape of many Serbs in this area.

The eastern tribe of the Roman Empire was led by Byzantine and later renamed Constantinople after Emperor Constantin (316). Until Charlemagne revived the Western empire it was the capital (316). Between 324 and 330, the Byzantine Empire shifted from the early period of expansion and glory to the era of continual contradiction and division and finally to devastating failure "(316). In the first phase, between 324 and 632, the history of Byzantine was a great success in geography, politics and culture (317). As the only stable long-term country in medieval Europe, Byzantium has separated Western Europe from emerging power. It is constantly being attacked and separates the Western Europe from Persians, Arabs, Serjuk Turks, and the Ottoman Empire. From another point of view, the evolution of the Byzantine state and the constant reconstruction are directly related to the progress of each of Islam since the 7th century. After Ottoman Turkey conquered Constantinople in 1453, Sultan Mehmet II won the title of Ottoman Turkish (equivalent to Roman Caesar) because he decided to make Ottoman Turkey the successor to the East Roman Empire. According to Cameron, the Ottoman Empire regarded itself as "heirs of Byzantine", retained important aspects of that tradition, thereby promoting the "revival of the Orthodox" in post-communism era in Eastern European countries . As a barbarian invader destroyed the Western empire, the East survived by Constantinople and Byzantine as its capital. Although Western trade, urban life and academia are declining, Byzantium has developed a powerful government that supports the important economy, complex knowledge and artistic life, and eastern church. Due to the difference between doctrine and administration, the western and eastern churches broke down in 1054, and centuries of division between Latin and Greek Christian world ceased. Byzantine reached political height under the rule of Justinian who conquered part of the former Western empire. Continued attacks from various people, including Latin Christians, weakened Byzantium and eventually became the Ottoman Turks in 1454. Due to the invasion of Mongolia, the decline of Russia, and the collapse of Byzantium, Eastern Europe entered a difficult period. Border areas such as Poland are affected by the West, the Balkans penetrate into the Turkish Islamic world. Western Europe and Eastern Europe developed separately, the former advanced the power and intercultural complexity. The Byzantine Empire is actively involved in regional trade; Constantinople is one of the world's largest trading cities, and the Empire is a link between Northern Europe and the Mediterranean. When Byzantine rejected and Mongolia conquered Russia, an isolated period began. In the 15th century, Russia began to regain its independence and faced a decision to reconnect with the West.

Malta's siege battle is no longer listed as the most important 70 rounds in history, but it is still one of the greatest battles ever. The war between the Ottoman Empire and Malta, and whether the Ottoman Empire will dominate the Mediterranean, and whether there are many benefits, Malta's siege is one of the most important sieges in history. Ottoman Empire / It is the Sultan Suleiman who leads the Turkish Empire, exceeding 6 million square miles. However, Suleiman's expansion policy towards the Mediterranean coast ended in Malta in 1565. About fifty thousand Ottoman forces fought against the Order of St. John in a long-term summer siege battle later known as the siege of Malta. There are 6,000 troops in Malta. The stubborn resistance of the Maltese lead to releasing the siege in September. Failed siege (Turks succeeded in occupying Gozo and St. Elmo in the mainland of Malta but failed and withdrew in other places), the second and last failure of Sureyman's grandeur 1 year) After death in 1566, there was no conclusion after Vienna's first Ottoman siege in 1529. First of all, one of the most beautiful places in Malta and its surroundings is Comino / Caminooto Islands. Located between Malta and Gozo, during the "Great Siege" in 1565, Roman era lived in Malta, Malta as a defensive base of Malta. Comino Island is only 5 square kilometers, a cheap hotel to travel from Malta to stone; in summer, there is a regular boat cross every 20-30 minutes. Depending on the company you decided to use, these boat trips are relatively cheap and cost around 8 - 15 euros (revenues should include visits to the bay). The most famous attraction of Comino is a wonderful "Blue Lagoon". Beautiful and refreshing white sandy beach in crystal blue. It is suitable for any guest, but also provides a beautiful view to brave travelers. There are two bays on the island; you will enjoy a more peaceful and relaxing journey, Santa Mary Bay and Saint Nicholas Bay. There are also some wonderful bays and small caves on the other side of the island.

War is one of the evil things that we all know what we need. Since its inception in the late 1700s, the United States has been caught up in many wars and may continue to participate as the future develops. There are many reasons for America to participate in war and participate. War is not necessarily part of it, but the full impact of war is not always well-known. In general - it depends not only on aspects of war but also on aspects of war - stakeholders - the effects of war are degrading the quality of life. It usually includes destruction of land and property, movement of citizens, even even stakeholders, especially even post-traumatic stress disorder of soldiers. Economic impacts are largely dependent on specific wars, but the economy is often adversely affected, thereby hurting the citizens of that country. War may also have political and geographic influences and hinder people's lives. The borders have changed - just like in the previous war - the country and the previous empire were completely divided or annihilated. Sometimes, as the Austrian-Hungarian empire's predecessor developed the autonomous state after the First World War, these separations are positive. In other cases, redefining the borders, as in the case of Iraq after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, will lead to further confusion. World War I and World War II had a major impact on the political geography of Europe. World War I (1914-1918) issued about 16 million deaths. The central government (German Empire, Austria - Hungarian Empire, led by the Ottoman Empire) fell to the power of the Allies (UK, France, Russian Empire led). By the end of the war, the Austrian-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire collapsed and split into more than 12 independent countries. The border between existing countries such as Poland and Russia has been completely subdivided Indeed, in the Austrian-Hungarian empire, the political realms of decades before the war have been increasingly dominated by the 11 official empires of the state empire - Germany, Hungary, Czech, Slovakia, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Romania It was. Ruthenian, Polish and Italian. But before 1914 the extreme nationalists trying to be completely separated from the empire were still only minorities and the roots of political turmoil in the Austrian Hungarian empire were less implicit than their appearance.

The Ottoman Turks expanded from Anatolia to establish a huge land empire that reached that height under the splendor of Suleiman in the 16th century. The center body of the empire is a cavalry and an army army corps. However, because it ignores the power of the ocean, we can not solve the problem of expansion to the Indian Ocean in Portugal. As the empire became more international, Islam formed the urban culture, and local customs spread in rural areas. Technological change superseded the cavalry and turned to Janissaries. This is a change that caused a financial and political crisis. As a result, the Janissaries gained greater power and Sudan has lost a lot of control over government problems. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the Ottoman Empire was intertwined with the European economy, and the former was disadvantageous. At the same time, central authorities are increasingly delegated to independent local rulers. Ismail founded the Safavid Empire and declared Shia Islam as a national religion, thus completing a cultural division between Iranians and Sunni neighbors. Safavid Isfahan has similar cultural similarities as Istanbul in the Ottoman Empire. However, Esfahan is not international as it is located inland. Silk and carpet are the major manufacturers of Safavid, but most of the empire's theme is based on agriculture or grazing. Like the Ottoman Empire, Safavid faces heavy military expenditure brought about by technological change. Together with the decline in inflation and empire land transactions, these costs steadily weakened the country. When the Afghan invasion occupied Esfahan in 1722, the empire actually collapsed. The Mughal Empire was founded by Babur and reached its height under Akbar. Mughal ignored the Navy and gave European trade privileges in exchange for naval support. Akbar is strengthening the country by including Muslim governance in the majority of Hindus. Muslims and Hindus relate to the government and observe their laws. Akbar also created "sacred faith" to reflect his view on social harmony. Therefore, mixed court culture developed and prospered to Aurangzeb 's unacceptable regime. After the death of Aurangzeb, the empire collapsed, fragmented and virtually closed in 1739 when Iran occupied Delhi. Participation in Europe increased as France and the UK contested the hegemony of trade. France withdrew in 1754 and opened India to the UK In the Indian Ocean, the sea empire grew under the influence of Muslim. Muslim began to invade Southeast Asia in the 14th century. Initially it was in the port city and the royal palace. Initially, the transformational subjects were traders and Sufi missionaries. In the 16th century, pilgrims of scholars began to influence urban areas, but Islam dominated the countryside. Muslims developed emerging countries against growing European forces. In East Africa, Swahili Port was transferred from Portugal to Oman's rule, under which its own language and culture developed. After driving Portuguese from the Indian Ocean, the Dutch East India Company dominated the growing business empire. Under the pressure of European competitors, the Netherlands turned from brokerage trade to production of export products. The Netherlands also brought European influence to Australia and New Zealand The change and sustainability of the business in the Indian Ocean region ranged from 650 BCE to 1750 BCE. Between 650 BC and 1750 BC, the Indian Ocean region experienced change and continuity. One continuity is trade, the Indian Ocean was an important trade area in the 1100s. One of the changes in the Indian Ocean trade over the years is which country dominated the trade. Over the years the Indian Ocean has been ruled by Indians, Arabs, Chinese, and Europeans. These are the continuity and change of Indian Ocean trade in the above year. In the Indian Ocean in 650 and 1750 BC, the business had many continuity. One of continuity is the item of trading. More contents From the year 650 AD to

The fight of Portava is the most famous and important episode of the Northern War (1700-1721). The war that took place on July 8, 1709 entered the midst of World War I and was seen as a turning point of the war. Emperor Peter I have reason to stop ownership of Sweden in the Baltic Empire which shows his strong will and determination. In fact, this battle made Russia a powerful force in Europe, Emperor Peter I became a great leader both in his country and in Europe. But as the expansion of Russia brought huge and increasing threats, King Swedish King Charles XII was defeated by the Russians as the Ottoman Empire in the port fight of 1709 (part of the Northern War of 1700-1721) Empire He was welcomed. Twelve Charles persuaded Sultan Ahmed III of the Ottoman Empire to declare a battle with Russia, whereby the Ottoman Empire won the battle of the Prussian River from 1710 to 1711. The subsequent Passarowitz Treaty was signed on 21st July 1718, bringing peace to the war. However, the treaty also revealed that the Ottoman Empire is defensive and unlikely to be more aggressive in Europe. After the success of the Polish invasion, Charles decided to try invasion to Russia, but in the end Russia won a decisive victory in Portabba's battle in 1709. After a long line of attacks of Cossack, Russian emperor Peter Dynastes scorched - Earth's skills and extremely cold winter in 1709, Sweden's low morale, morale is low, and the number of Russian troops in Portava is far beyond They are. Failure means the beginning of the end of the Swedish Empire. In addition, the plague of Central Europe devastated the control of Sweden and reached the central part of Sweden in 1710. 400 years ago, Cossack dominated the eastern territory of Portava. It was the first small betrayal of Russia in the important fight of 1709. When Cossack king Ivan Mazepa abandoned the emperor, Peter 's Orthodox Army backed Swedish Charles XII' s invasion forces. And Peter 's reaction stands out - their shit. To convert Cossack to Russian of Caucasian whips whispers and nephews for the next 200 years. And there are lots of anecdotes, SS does not even have to search for Jews in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Poland and Ukraine. Local villagers - sometimes being threatened by death to help them or abuse them - often lined up to meet einsatzgruppen. Ready to enter the occupied police corps or some serious extermination camp hidden in the plains of Poland in Poland Saxony, Poland, Norway initially opposed the Russians. But if you go to a map and see where Portaga is (Ukraine in the south), you can better understand the transcendence of the empire where the Swedes were finally defeated after Charles XII was injured. Charles survived in Turkey and returned to Poland and Sweden before being killed in the Norwegian fight - there was a huge hole in his head and the scholars continued to claim what brought it. I do not think it will be a problem, but when you see the pictures in this book, this is a very bad hole. Jonathan W. Jordan, "Pilot Point of Porta Bava", "Military History" (June / July 2009), pp. 50-57. This is a concise but very valuable introduction to a very important battle, showing how Russia rose and how Sweden tried to overshoot the geopolitical bridge. However, in any case, please examine a small map on the battlefield map on June 28, 1709 to see how far Portta Ba is from Stockholm. Michael Roberts (Editor

The impact of World War II had the most devastating influence on the people of Europe. In five years, citizens of different countries suffered from this cruel war and they were accused by the government. Two of the most influential areas in this war were the UK and Germany. While men are fighting at the forefront, women and children are most affected, many are moral support of their brigades. When the war broke out in September 1939, the British government predicted that the British influence on life would be very serious. Two major events in the first half of the 20th century have brought about the essence of today's conflict. The impact of the two world wars lit the passion and hope of nationalists around the world, seriously damaging the international order and the legitimacy of the government. In the early 20th century, nationalism and extreme political ideology were the main development force of terrorism. After the First World War, the Treaty of Versailles made a new country by breaking the Austrian - Hungarian Empire and redrawing the map of Europe. It recognizes the principle of self-determination of national and ethnic groups. Therefore ethnic minorities and ethnic minorities are encouraged to recognize independence and autonomous movement. World War I and World War II had a major impact on the political geography of Europe. World War I (1914-1918) issued about 16 million deaths. The central government (German Empire, Austria - Hungarian Empire, led by the Ottoman Empire) fell to the power of the Allies (UK, France, Russian Empire led). By the end of the war, the Austrian-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire collapsed and split into more than 12 independent countries. The border between existing countries such as Poland and Russia has been completely subdivided

In the 4th century Armenia became the world's first country with Christianity as a public religion. Because Armenia is called an independent existence. In the 15th century Armenia was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire is the leader of two different religious groups, Muslims and Christians. The Ottoman Empire treated the Armenians in various ways. They need to pay higher taxes than Muslims. They have little political and legal rights. In addition to their obstacles, they are still richer than Muslims. The denial of genocide by Armenians means the genocide of the Armenians who committed the Ottoman Empire (and systematically discriminated) under Turkish youth from 1915 to 1918. Turkey denied that the Ottoman Empire was responsible for killing one million Armenians worldwide in the First World War, and in 1915 Britain, France, Russia and Armenians against Armenians against humanity and civilization Announced a statement stating that it is a victim of crime. There was no word "extinction" at that time. The Sefure Convention was signed in 1920 and founded the country of Armenia. However, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the first president of the National Assembly, refused to comply with the treaty. The Armenian Republic was established and the new border between Armenia and Turkey (not yet modified) was divided by the Kars Treaty, signed by Armenians and the Soviet Union respectively. "Clean up your ethnic group." People in Armenia encountered this situation during the First World War. The living between the Turks (Armenian rivals) and the Armenians is very complicated. Not all Armenians hate Turks, not all Turks hate Armenians. Therefore, people in Armenia did not know that some form of extinction was being drawn back then. What is the definition of genocide? According to the World Book Dictionary, genocide is the extinction of the system. The term genocide is also known as ethnic cleansing. Of course, it is not unusual for people living in this non perfect world, full of violence, hatred and discrimination. For decades, carnage has occurred several times, causing war, carnage and mass destruction in cities. I believe that genocide is by far the most serious crime for human beings. Hatred, superiority, personal memory is behind the massacre. I am surprised everyday

The introduction of draft recruitment and conscription in the UK during World War I became a big problem from the outset and publicity was used to change the attitude of the people. After the First World War, the life in the UK has changed dramatically. The UK owes nearly £ 6 billion to Americans. The bombing at the house of the UK killed more than 1000 people and lost millions of homes. During the war, a total of about 1 million British died. Women are working men, and the government took new steps to ensure that we won this new war. Many factors began to encourage UK policy reconsideration from the mid-1930s to the latter half. Firstly, Nazi Germany demanded the return of British colonies after the First World War. Although this request was rejected, it increased the pressure on the UK to show that it fulfilled its commitment to "trusteeship" in all colonies (Morgan, 1980). Secondly, the failure of England and other international alliances, meaningful action against Mussolini's invasion With the outbreak of the First World War, the UK achieved fear of war with Germany in 1914. The British quickly invaded and occupied the majority of the African German overseas colonies. In the Pacific region, Australia and New Zealand occupied Germany, New Guinea and Samoa, respectively. According to Sykes-Pico's agreement in 1916, the secrets of Britain and France had planned the postwar division of the Ottoman Empire who joined the German War. This agreement is not revealed to Mecca Sharif, the UK always encourages the Arab resistance to rulers of the Ottoman Empire, and the impression that the UK supports the establishment of an independent Arab country . Until the end of World War I, the British defeated the Ottoman army and built a military regime in the Ottoman Empire. According to the missionary system, division of the territory between England and France in 1920, British jurisdiction including modern Israel was named forced Palestinian Due to the defeat of the Ottoman Empire during the First World War (1914 - 1918), the UK was approved by the League of Nations to manage Palestine. During the war Jews and Arabs received conflicting guarantees in dominating Palestine. The UK supports the Arabs in the ruling area where the Arabs believe they include Palestine. But the UK has also promised to support the Palestinian Jewish house. Furthermore, in the late nineteenth century Jewish immigrants returned to Palestine increasingly as they tried to escape the persecution in Europe and Russia and returned to their hometown. After the First World War, Jewish immigrants steadily increased, the tension between the Jews and the Arabs increased, and often resulted in violence.

As military slavery national agencies defined Mamluk State, sectarian factions quickly established a highly institutionalized but fragmented society. In 1250, Mamluk's rebellion killed Ayyubid's house, dominated Egypt, appointed Amber, one of the leaders of the Mamluk group, to Sudan. Mamluk is a military slavery society that can protect Syria from Mongolia in 1260, including the remaining Syrian principality, expelled the crusade in 1291. 1 Mamluk can be achieved between Egypt and Syria. Unification is the reason for Mamluk. During the Abbas and Ottoman times, this country was the largest Muslim country. After Mongolia conquered Syria, it seems that Egypt is falling. In fact, a special envoy came to Mamluk (the caste that dominated the Turkic army slave in that area), Mongols always made the same request: surrender or death. At that time, Mamluk leader Kutuz cut out the head of Mongolian envoys and gave an answer. Mamork's Mongolian domination The invasion of Syria began in Gaza, where Koutuz beat Mongolian avant-garde. In addition to worrying Mongolia, this victory is very useful as Kutuz has to consider regional crusade countries. He noticed that not all Franks are good for Mongolians, as Muslims called the European Crusade. Antioch was a vassal of Mongolia, but many of the nobles of the Kingdom of Jerusalem opposed the idea of ​​forming an alliance with Mongolia. Egypt maintained semi-autonomy right under Mamluk until the invasion of the French Napoleonic Bonaparte army in 1798 (see France campaign in Egypt and Syria). After the French defeated by the British, Egypt created the Albanian mercenaries who served the Turks of the Ottoman Empire who dominated Egypt for centuries, Mamluk of Egypt, and the Ottoman Empire. After the French were expelled, in 1805, the Albanian army commander Muhammad Ali Pasha of the Ottoman army of Egypt gained power. He has the title of Governor of Egypt, but subordination of the Ottoman portal is only a nominal one. Muhammad Ali slaughtered Mamluk and founded the dynasty which governed Egypt until the 1952 revolution. French invasion of Egypt led by Napoleon Bonaparte began in 1798. Ottoman, Mamluk, British forces exiled France in 1801, followed by the Ottoman Empire, Mamluk and Albanians became anarchic for four years. Service of the Ottoman Empire - fighting power. In this confusion, Albanian military commander, Kavalili Mohamed Ali Pasha became rulership and was approved by Sultan of Istanbul in 1805 as Governor of Egypt; the title is Sudan which means subordination, however In fact it is a polite novel: the power of the Egyptian Ottoman Empire has been completed, and ambitious and competent leader Muhammad Ali established the dynasty which dominated Egypt until the 1952 revolution. In the next few years the dynasty became British

Advertising spread between 1450 and 1650. Three powerful empires and several powerful regional states have steadily enhanced power and culture for a long time. Growth of the Ottoman Empire, Safavid, Mughal Empire helped make Islamic culture worldwide acknowledged. The Islamic culture of the Ottoman Empire was born from various Western Oggs-Torques in Central Asia. The Ottoman Empire exchanged military service with Timar who generates income and established a powerful armed forces and aristocrats. Islamic culture is a term used primarily in secular scholars to explain the common cultural practices of historical Islam and Muslim cultures. The early Muslim culture was mainly Arabs. Along with the rapid expansion of the Islamic empire, Muslim culture and culture against Persians, Caucasians, Bangladesh, Turkish, Mongolian, Indian, Malaysian, Somali, Berber, Egyptian, Indonesian, Moro are great I have shock and absorption. Islamic culture usually includes all customs surrounding the development of Islam, including the Quran such as Salat and the non-Quran such as Islamic world division. It includes Baul's tradition in Bangladesh. Differences in application of Islamic faith in different cultures and traditions Since Islamic culture is the expression of Islamic life, human and universe thinking, identity and vision, Islamic culture issues cover all aspects of human activity based on the Islamic concept and therefore cover all aspects I will. Islamic life Some of the problems included here include the protection of cultural values ​​and the process of restoring genuine and deeply rooted cultural heritage. Other issues rely on the concept of Islam, mainly from the Qur'an, to redefine the concept of culture, confront contemporary cultural issues and strengthen the existing cultural relationship between Muslims It is giving. The issue of Islamic culture originates from the general view of Islam and develops into a permanent order. Culture has always been the reflection, expression and interpretation of this view. It constitutes the framework of Islamic identity and is characterized by the universality, continuity and validity of Islamic culture. As believing in the unity of the Creator, it is one of the main basic principles of Islam, and we can not fully understand the universe and human beings. Allah is praising God and the only eternal god that dominates the diversity that exists in the universe. The Almighty is the creator of all things, he has no sovereign companions; he can not compare; the whole universe is created by God, the supreme, benevolent, benevolent, wise, omniscient Mercy of servants, servants. of