Tradition, Terrain, and Turkism: A Study on the Reform of the Imperial Ottoman Army and its Effects on the Outcome of World War I’s Gallipoli Campaign

Since Mahmoud II in 1839, large-scale political, military and social reforms were carried out in the Ottoman empire, focusing on the practice of westernization, trying to prevent weakening and collapse of the empire. It fades slowly over centuries and forced to unite with European countries to succeed in the war and it is forced to lose some military and territory, social unrest and economic destruction, the empire's interior to start.

In the First World War, the Ottoman Empire fought against Britain and its allies and backed Germany. It succeeded in repelling Baghdad in Istanbul's attack and Kurt siege during the Gallipoli campaign. British agent T. E. Lawrence and Ottoman Empire Governor Hussein Ben Ali, Mecca Sharif plot. Hussein Ben Ali resisted Mesquite from the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire is the first city that his troops captured in the Mecca battle (1916). Sharif's revolt proved the turning point of the eastern war. Sharif Hussain announces the new country, the Kingdom of Hejaz, and declares Mecca the capital of the new Kingdom

On November 2, 1914, the Ottoman Empire opened the Middle East Theater of World War I by hostility between the central government and its allies. The Caucasian battle, the Persian battle, and the Gallipoli battle affected several populated Armenian centers. Prior to entering the war, the Ottoman government sent delegates to the Armenia parliament of Erzurum to convince the Armenians of the Ottoman Empire to drive Russian Armenians to rebel against the Russian army during the opening of the Caucasus , Promoted the conquest of Transcaucasian. On 24th December 1914 Minister Embar Pasha executed a plan to destroy the Russian Caucasian army in Sarica Mish to regain the Russian territory lost after the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-81 . Embar · Pasha's troops were defeated at battle and almost completely destroyed