European Influence on the Ottoman Empire and Egypt During the 18th and Early 19th Centuries

From the 18th century to the early 19th century, European influence became an important force in every aspect of the Ottoman Empire, Egypt and Iran. The reform of 'defensive developmentism', which was mainly created by Jervin, was originally aimed at concentrating the government to control and strengthen the army, but the actual effect was more extensive. This modernization process will have different impacts on different areas depending on different conditions and unique governance methods.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, facing the rise of European economy and military power, the Ottoman Empire entered the era of government reform and Europeanization. Ottoman officials who know European languages ​​and support reform are promoted, and traditional Ottoman institutions like Ulama (religious scholars) are increasingly bypassed. Elsewhere, intellectuals and scholars seek to revive Arab culture, revitalize the identity of Arabia and Arab, and create primitive Arab nationalism. In 1916, the Arab riot that was supported by the British founded a short-lived Arab kingdom centered on Damascus.

Arab nationalism was the movement to release and power the Middle Eastern Arabs, emerging in the late 19th century and inspired by other independent movements in the 18th and 19th centuries. Along with the decline of the Ottoman Empire, the Middle East was divided by the forces of Europe, and the Arabs tried to establish their own independent state, governed by Arabs rather than foreigners. Syria was established in 1920, Transjordan (later Jordan) gradually acquired independence from 1921 to 1946, Saudi Arabia was founded in 1932, gradually acquired independence from 1922 to 1952. The Arab League was founded in 1945 to promote Arab interests and cooperation among the new Arab countries.

When the Ottoman Empire collapsed by its own weight from the 18th century to the 19th century, it became the battlefield of opposing European powers sandwiched between Russia and the Austrian Empire (see the "East Eastern problem"). When the First World War broke out, the Ottoman Empire was basically divided into influence balls by European forces, but the reform movement within the Ottoman Empire was active. The young Turks brought a revolution in 1908 and successfully introduced a wide range of citizens and social reforms.

A series of wars occurred between Russia and the Ottoman Empire from the 18th century to the 19th century. By the end of the eighteenth century, the failure of some war with Russia concluded to some people of the Ottoman empire that the reform of Peter Daio gave benefits to the Russians, and the Ottoman empire pace of Western technology I had to go about it. To avoid further failure. Military reform of the Ottoman Empire began with Selim III (1789-1807). Selim III tried to modernize the army for the first time along the route of Europe. However, these efforts were partly hindered by recoil movements from religious leaders, but primarily from Janissary Corps, which was invalidated in anarchists. They blamed their privileges, decidedly opposed the change, and they caused the Janissary rebellion. Efforts by Selim lost his throne and life, but his successor, the energetic Mahmoud II, destroyed the Janissary Corps in 1826 and they solved problems in a spectacular and bloodlike way We resolved.