Meaning of bilingualism and multiculturalism I decided to use my Russian and English as part of my web page. It represents my value for bilingual and multilingual culture. I have praised such a culture before learning other languages. Because they feel that they understand and understand the world widely than I do. Puerto Rican historian José Luis González shared these values ​​about the importance of language. Multiculturalism is a concept with multiple meanings, but unlike most people, it usually means accepting immigrants and ethnic minorities as their own community. Like bilingualism, multiculturalism has caused controversy. Supporters of multiculturalism believe that ethnic minority members should enjoy equal rights in American society without giving up multi-ethnic culture. For example, the multicultural education program aims to teach different cultures, tolerance to these cultures and eliminate discrimination. Hope is to let students know how other cultures see the world. Multiculturalists refuse the idea of ​​melting and assimilating pots and they believe that the national identity must be based on shared heritage and values The Forum shows that the story of multicultural identity beyond the bilingual heritage is a move that sacrifices the immigrant community. Participants in the forum generally agreed that Canadian bilingualism is a natural inference and promoter of multiculturalism. New immigrants with different backgrounds use bilingualism as a professional asset, a source of pride of citizens, and structural forces for a new internationalist culture of migrant young people. Regarding bilingualism as a source of citizen's pride, this problem deserves further research and verification. Is the desire of citizenship sufficient to motivate new immigrants, as well as learning languages, as well as learning the two official languages? As the Forum stated, this view reminds me of a good research trend that new immigrants more participate in the political process. If this turns out to be true, it will change the disappearing story into mind. In response, Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau at the time did very bold things. On October 8, 1971, he introduced the multiculturalism of the capital M to the House of Representatives. In addition to becoming an official bilingual place, Canada officially respects the diversity of its citizens' languages, religions and cultures. The goal is integration, which is also to combat bilingualism. Mr. Trudeau is not opposed at the House of Representatives. Does anyone know how that policy works? For many, I acknowledge being one of mine. And this proposal feels a bit painful. The 1970s was not the 1930s when immigrants from outside the UK were rejected as "impossible". Informally respect the diversity of languages, religions, and cultures. Should we really wear national costumes and sing and dance to each other? Political strategy is transparent

People finally noticed that learning two (or more) languages ​​does not confuse children and adults. The reverse is true. Learning more than one language is suitable for developing the brain As a child or an adult, when learning the second language, you can develop a certain part of the brain more strongly, more developed, more active. It is like enlarging the muscle and enlarging the muscle. The more languages ​​you use, the stronger you become. Over the years, people's understanding of bilingualism has come from social observation. You can see bilingual children and adults interacting and trying to draw conclusions from the conclusions of how their brains develop. But this is not that we can examine and see what happens in their minds! Now, we can really In a study called Martensson et al. For example, scientists announced in 2012 used brain scanning techniques to observe the physical changes in multiple brains in the adult brain. What they found was dramatic. After intense language training for three months, the brains of adults grew bigger in areas related to language use. The higher the language skills of the participants, the more relevant the parts of their brain have more structural flexibility. And those who struggled, in other words, those who ran out of the brain - showed the overall development of the brain Some people worry that "Do you want to change the shape of my child's brain?" Do not forget to think about it as building your muscles and flexibility Children in exercise regularly become strong, fast, and more flexible. Likewise, children who often work with language skills will develop stronger, more flexible brains. The benefits of brain development are beyond the direct language skills being used. Practicing multiple languages ​​allows adults and children to develop parts of the brain and help them to master many different spiritual skills. Yes yes - you want to make your child's brain change shape! Or at least you would like us to experience the changes found in the Martensson 2012 study which suggests that bilingualism enhances the development of beneficial brain. It is practice to control more than one language in the brain. Therefore, bilingual can produce preventive benefits of mental illness due to aging. Research at Ghent University in Belgium shows that bilingualism delays the onset of Alzheimer's disease for more than 4 years Saying multiple languages ​​is like exercising your brain. According to an increasing number of studies bilingualism can transcend cognitive benefits of language use. Recent studies suggest that it may increase the multitasking ability of the brain and may even mean a delay of 4 to 5 years of symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. Some people believe that research in this field promotes our understanding of how to maintain brain health and encourage people to rethink the value of bilingual education. Recent advances in the influence of bilingual rhythm on the brain In terms of work, bilingualism certainly has its advantages. I believe that most employers are willing to pay higher wages because they speak more than one language that is fluent, but this is not the only privilege. Your brain also benefits from bilingualism. Believe it or not, bilingual will make you smarter and your cognitive skills will be greatly improved. In addition to an excellent jigsaw puzzle, other benefits of bilingualism include improving memory, improving decision making, improving multitasking skills, and improving focus on tasks. With these advantages alone, you can learn more than other languages. As you can imagine, the benefits are bigger for the children, they have higher exam schools in school and do good work in mathematics. Your kids may not like to learn a new language, but they will definitely understand it as they grow up and start earning a lot of money. The brain benefits from speaking two or more languages. Improve cognitive ability, develop gray ma

"It is not too soon to start from now." This sentence seems to be friendly, sent from parents. Regardless of the situation, early learning seems to be able to bring some benefit to children. In most cases, this pseudo slang can also be translated into a language. Languages ​​learned and used frequently from a young age may be deep inside the user's mind than to learn later and occasionally use languages. A: How to divide classes in English and second language depends on the level and purpose of the lesson, the ability of the student. Generally speaking, the goal of teaching in the bilingual classroom in the United States is to help students speak English fluently and to help them achieve national standards with core subjects. Bilingual teachers must be proficient in two languages Bilingual teachers are usually led by students in a class who speaks English or is learning English as a second language. These learners are known as English (ESL) students or English learners (ELL) as secondary languages. School districts with a high proportion of ELL can teach bilingual teachers who use their mother tongue, that is, teachers who can only speak English. This guide provides detailed information on bilingual teacher's work, how to become a bilingual teacher, salary and prospects for bilingual teachers. The bilingual bilingual program is also known as a bilingual or bilingual immersion program that employs two teachers in one classroom. Course content of this course is available in both English and other languages. This bilingual education program is believed to be able to effectively teach English to non-English speaking students. Immersion is a bilingual education program where students who do not have English as their mother tongue learn subjects taught in English all day. Teachers can try to simplify the language of these students as necessary. Also, English-speaking students may be taught in different languages.

Bilingual adults with Alzheimer's disease take twice as long to develop monomorphic symptoms. The average age of initial signs of single adult dementia is 71.4 years and that of bilinguals is 75.5 years. Bilinguals are increasingly focusing on their single language colleagues. They are more focused on relevant information Bilingual is good at switching descriptions and structures of the two systems - so they become excellent multiplexers. Even if only one language is used, bilingual cognitive abilities become clearer and the brain becomes vigilant and active. Gray quality is responsible for language processing, storage preservation and attention length. Bilingual has higher gray matter density than monolingual. Learning a foreign language involves memorizing rules and vocabulary. This type of psychomotor improves overall memory and allows bilinguals to better remember lists and sequences. Bilingual tends to make more informed decisions. After thinking in the second language, bilingual will be more certain about their choice. The focus of learning a second language lies in the structure of grammar and sentences that give bilingual a better understanding of the language. Foreign language learning to make bilingual a more effective communicator, editor and writer For a reference to a group of researchers who studied 8 million students in an English classroom and a one-way immersion classroom, please refer to a good article on the benefits of the bilingual brain of NPR. They discovered that bilingual students have more attendance, higher parent involvement, and fewer behavioral problems (Kamentez, 2016). The Cognitive Research page of ACTFL's website includes studies showing that language learning supports student self esteem, healthy cognitive development, and advanced attention management. The brain handles information more effectively and avoids declining cognitive function, so bilingual cognitive and neurological benefits range from infancy to seniority. More importantly, the above mentioned attention and aging benefits are not limited to bilingual, they can also be seen by people learning second language later. I enjoyed one of the advantages. The cognitive, neurological and social benefits seen in bilinguals are based on how bilingualism shapes brain activity and structure, and in particular because most of the world's speakers experience it, We emphasize the need to think about how the final language behaves in thinking. Living in multiple languages In terms of work, bilingualism certainly has its advantages. I believe that most employers are willing to pay higher wages because they speak more than one language that is fluent, but this is not the only privilege. Your brain also benefits from bilingualism. Believe it or not, bilingual will make you smarter and your cognitive skills will be greatly improved. In addition to an excellent jigsaw puzzle, other benefits of bilingualism include improving memory, improving decision making, improving multitasking skills, and improving focus on tasks. With these advantages alone, you can learn more than other languages. As you can imagine, the benefits are bigger for the children, they have higher exam schools in school and do good work in mathematics. Your kids may not like to learn a new language, but they will definitely understand it as they grow up and start earning a lot of money.

Introduction Learning and memory are interrelated. Therefore, people regard them as problems. However, experts believe that they are two different processes. You can learn any language by living in a country or school that speaks that language. You can then use your memory to search for languages ​​by searching words you memorized. Memory is important to learning something. It will help you save the information, then you can use them as needed. Our memory is more than just a process. A study (mainly autobiographical memory research) 20 investigating how bilinguals express their emotions using their language, when a particular language matches the language in which a particular language was originally encoded or experienced, that language Indicates that it is valid. Get the prompt. Native language encoded memory is usually more emotional than memory encoded in the second language 22 Bond and Lai 23 because the second language is usually obtained in a more neutral neutral environment than the first language is. Emphasize the impact on early second language / bilingual, early social cognition and social emotional development About 30 years ago, when I was writing the first bilingual rhythm book, I opposed the influence of bilingual rhythm on children. Studies in the first half of the last century showed that bilingual children have a lower IQ and they show the performance of single language children in both linguistic and nonverbal intelligence tests. Most studies believe that bilingualism has a negative impact on the development of children's language, cognition and education. In the middle of the last century, the way of thinking changed all at once, and I realized that bilingualism is the true asset of children. Many studies have concluded that bilingual is more sensitive to semantic relationships between words, better analyzing the structure of sentences, better handling rule discovery tasks, and becoming socially sensitive . In the first half of the 20th century, researchers actually believed that bilingual rhythm disadvantaged children and that it would impair the quality of her life. And development of the oral cavity. However, in recent years, the opposite study emerges the concept of bilingual advantage. It seems to be widespread persuasive, most of which comes from the prudent work of psychologist Alan Biyastock. For many tasks, including tasks that include working memory, bilingual seems to have advantages. In the review of the evidence of 2012, Bialystok showed that bilingual demonstrated enhanced enforcement control linked to other qualities to improve academic performance. When it comes to quality of continuous attention and effective switching work, bilingual tends to be connected. If you have a choice, this seems very obvious, you should let your child speak multiple languages.

We examined the influence of bilingualism on children's language development. The theory is that bilingual children can learn the second language after mastering the first language. One of the reasons behind this is that the child is developing a nonverbal concept of a word (since the child already uses it in the primary language) and therefore can only construct verbal concepts . Balanced bilinguals have been shown to be more flexible in their perception and language. However, unbalanced bilinguals often show different results. Bilingualism has no substantial negative impact on development, but there are many variables that influence the outcome of bilingual development, such as the context to learn languages, the attitudes of parents to bilingualism, and language status. Community social and cultural background and children's growth Universal respect and encouragement for bilingual children's learning languages ​​plays an important role in the development of children and promotes positive outcomes of children . Emphasize the impact on early second language / bilingual, early social cognition and social emotional development "Bilingual" is to frequently use two languages, but bilingual is people who use two languages. More specifically, bilingualism is an individual ability to understand and generate two (natural) languages, including linguistic variants of dialects. The balance of the two languages ​​(balanced bilingualism) is not as good as the major position of the language (bilingual imbalance). The incomplete capability of equalization in both languages ​​is marked semi linguistically. These two languages ​​can be obtained together from early childhood (initial bilingual), or can be learned sequentially (late bilingual or first language, L1, mastery and second language, L2, learning). The first language does not always rule the language throughout its lifecycle. When a child has to enter a second language environment without further development and use of his or her first language, the first language of childhood often is lost First language acquisition means the development of children's languages ​​in the natural environment. Learning the first language is bilingual or monolingual. Learning the first language of bilingual means that a child born can have two languages ​​at the same time like a child with parents of different nationalities (Houwer, 2009). In contract, a single language refers to the development of a single language. However, in some studies, the development of first language acquisition has been recorded up to that stage.

They chose samples from the general population who stayed in the second language community for more than 6 months and tried to use it in the second language in order to select which groups or factions they wanted to select. Second language every day. However, participants who chose to participate in this study included 102 individuals, with women accounting for the majority than men. The age range is set between 17 and 58 years old and has various educational backgrounds. Abstract: In this article I will explain bilingual education, explain it as a special course and think that bilingual education will be one aspect of the curriculum. In this article I will discuss four general topics and their role in bilingual education research. School restructuring, systematic school reform, derailment, and isomorphism of families and schools. And the structure of the school and the prescriptive model are very different from one another This book covers research topics such as bilingual education, language policy, language contact, bilingual identity, early bilingualism, heritage languages, etc. and outlines the current theory, research and practice of bilingual education. Each chapter is written by an expert in that field. The first part focuses on the diverse relationships between languages ​​and the impact of bilingual voice processing. The second part introduces a series of context studies on bilingual classrooms, but an important feature of these studies is the application of different research designs in different educational environments. In Part 3, we provide examples of successful bilingual educational institutions and explain the needs related to language education by providing insight into language and multilingual school environment.

English has long been the official language of choice in the United States, as the concept of the United States does not have public official languages. It is used in almost all forms of communication at home and abroad, including politics, science, marketing, and other areas people can think of. The focus of the United States is to integrate the citizens into the English that is being spoken, but little effort has been given to education in other languages. In most provinces, high school requires only 2 semesters second language course, high school usually offers only the language Spanish and French. The mission of the National Bilingual Teaching Forum (NDLF) is to promote the benefits of bilingual education and promote collaboration between key organizations and individuals who conduct bilingual and bilingual education nationwide. For NDLF members, there are an increasing number of organizations specializing in bilingual and bilingual education and supporting quality and effective programs. Recognizing the important role of school leaders in the success of bilingual bilingual education, this article explains the theme of leadership in these courses. School leadership is the foundation for the success of the bilingual bilingual education (DLBE) course and can support, decline or eliminate bilingual education efforts. This white paper of the National Bilingual Forum highlights the need for school leaders in DLBE and outlines the characteristics demonstrated by the success of the project leader. An effective DLBE leader has a deep understanding of bilingual and bilingual in school and new bilingual. They set a clear vision for the success of all students and are aware of the importance of intimate school and community partnership. Effective leaders are also focusing on the power of distributed leadership with social justice as the central goal. This article will focus on the leader's role in developing school language policy in English environment. DLBE leaders need to ensure that schools promote the same value, status and importance of English and partner languages

This content is available through online browsing (free) program dependent on page scan. Screen readers can not currently scan, so please contact JSTOR user support for access. We will provide PDF copy of your screen reader What is bilingual? Bilingual proficiency is the ability to speak or write two languages ​​fluently. Because Canada is two official languages, it is a bilingual country of English and French. In Canada there is an official vote passed by Pierre Elliott Trudeau, Minister of Justice in 1969. The official vocabulary law declares that both French and English are official languages ​​in Canada and that all Canadians have the right to communicate with the central government in French or English. Canada is officially bilingual under the official juridical law and the Canadian Constitution and requires the Federal Government to provide services in two official languages. Likewise, in the case of digital warranty, the rights of minority languages ​​are guaranteed. 56.9% of the population speaks French, while English is the mother tongue, while 22.9% of the population speaks French. The rest of the population belongs to many immigrants and indigenous people in Canada. Note: Canadian Quebec, see Canadian bilingual (7.9% speaking English) Note: Quebec's largest city Montreal is a multilingual city where half of the population is French and the other half is English or other languages. Their native language. Most Montreal people know French and English regardless of whether they call them French, English, or foreign languages. Of the five English-led countries announced that only Canada (official bilingual: English and French) and New Zealand (official bilingual: English, Maori, New Zealand sign language) are officially used at the federal level . However, in Canada outside of Quebec, about 86% of the population is speaking French, claiming that about 80% is the mother tongue. English is the main language. The official language of Quebec is only French, and in 2007 it is said that only 17% of Canadians speak bilingual English (Statistics Canada, 2007). Stable trend (About 13% of people claimed English and French in 1971)

From the first day, Canada's two official languages, English and French, were at the center of Canada's identity. Thirty years after the birth of the Canadian Commonwealth in 1867, Canadians were asked what kind of words they would speak at the 1901 census for the first time. Despite the fact that the first census after the Canadian census of 1871 recorded the country's two major ethnic groups, Britain and France, accounting for 92% of the population, 61% of them It was 31 in the UK. %,French In the 1901 census, people over the age of five were asked three questions about language. One is about native language and the other about French. Since then, each census has at least one question about the language the Canadian speaks or uses. In each case, in addition to the 1976 census, there was one or two questions about the ability to speak English or French. The 110-year census data collected from 1901 to 2011 showed that the British-French bilingual ratio did not continue to grow, but its evolution was due to the social and historical change that occurred in the country It continued. These contradictory trends changed the age of Canadian English-speaking bilinguals who speak Canadian outside of Quebec. Since 2011, the English-French bilingual rate was the best among the population of 10-14 years old. The ratio in 2016 was 14.9%. An additional analysis of languages ​​can be found on the August 17, 2017 daily, with a description of the language diversity and multilingual census in the Canadian family, catalog number. 98-200 - X2016010 and Canadian minorities in English, French and official languages, catalog numbers. 98-200-X 2016011 Of the five English-led countries announced that only Canada (official bilingual: English and French) and New Zealand (official bilingual: English, Maori, New Zealand sign language) are officially used at the federal level . However, in Canada outside of Quebec, about 86% of the population is speaking French, claiming that about 80% is the mother tongue. English is the main language. The official language of Quebec is only French, and in 2007 it is said that only 17% of Canadians speak bilingual English (Statistics Canada, 2007). Stable trend (About 13% of people claimed English and French in 1971) What is bilingual? Bilingual proficiency is the ability to speak or write two languages ​​fluently. Because Canada is two official languages, it is a bilingual country of English and French. In Canada there is an official vote passed by Pierre Elliott Trudeau, Minister of Justice in 1969. The official vocabulary law declares that both French and English are official languages ​​in Canada and that all Canadians have the right to communicate with the central government in French or English.

Participant in American bilingual case study is my daughter Amy. In July 1998, when she came to the United States from mainland China, I began to observe her reactions to the new environment and how she adapted to the environment. During the 5 months (July to November 1998), I recorded what she did (about 35,000 words in either English or Chinese) on the spot, sometimes as a memory and recorded us. Dialogue between three tapes. Amy was 12 years old when she came to Hawaii. Abstract: This article explains the broad background of bilingual and bilingual education in the United States. First we introduced the definition of bilingualism and discussed the dichotomy created in bilingual research. During the past 50 years, various terms have emerged: coordination and complex bilingualism, early and late bilingualism, simultaneous bilingualism, addiction and subtraction bilingualism, and elite and fork bilingualism. This distinction helps attract attention to every aspect of bilingualism but the most important lesson the author can learn from research is that some people associate personal characteristics with other features of the social group is. . The authors argue that a single definition of individual bilingualism is not enough to cover all individuals known as bilingual and there are various possibilities. The same can be said about social bilingualism. Bilingualism is a term that includes many definitions that vary depending on research. According to the survey, different groups of individuals may be considered bilingual. In the most general sense, bilingualism refers to a situation in which children grow up and face two different languages. Bilingualism is closely related to language acquisition - this is a special way for us all to learn our mother tongue like a child. Even if we have to work hard in order to write, we will acquire skills. The words look natural like breathing. Scientists insist that language acquisition is a process from the beginning of our lives to the end of puberty Not all studies can find the benefits of bilingualism. Earlier this year, a psychologist at Concordia University in Montreal surveyed 168 children aged 1 and 2 bred by bilingual parents. In general, they discovered that young half of the children in the group understood the smaller vocabulary. In the upper half of the sample group, production vocabulary has become less. In other words, some words can be pronounced. Researchers believe that as a result parents are mixing their languages ​​while talking to the children and choosing words that the children think is easier to understand or copy. But Biawistock agrees that this is a short term disadvantage of bilingualism and in most cases the children will catch up.

In terms of work, bilingualism certainly has its advantages. I believe that most employers are willing to pay higher wages because they speak more than one language that is fluent, but this is not the only privilege. Your brain also benefits from bilingualism. Believe it or not, bilingual will make you smarter and your cognitive skills will be greatly improved. In addition to an excellent jigsaw puzzle, other benefits of bilingualism include improving memory, improving decision making, improving multitasking skills, and improving focus on tasks. With these advantages alone, you can learn more than other languages. As you can imagine, the benefits are bigger for the children, they have higher exam schools in school and do good work in mathematics. Your kids may not like to learn a new language, but they will definitely understand it as they grow up and start earning a lot of money. I understood some of the bilingual rhythm brain benefits, so now it is time to become clever. Learning a new language is not too late. Are you bilingual? Experts have built the benefits of multilingualism, such as physical changes in the brain and changes in how the brain works. 2015 TED's lecture "Bilingual Brain Advantages" highlights some physical changes, including synapse and higher density gray matter including neurons. This growth strengthens the brain and may delay the onset of dementia for 5 years. In the same speech, Mia Nacamulli believes that adult learners who learn second language believe that newly learned languages ​​show more reasonable thinking and less emotional prejudice. According to the Journal of Neurology report in the first half of 2013, bilingualism was caused by improved execution functions such as switching between tasks, exclusion of irrelevant information, and resolution of conflicts. According to the 2012 article entitled "Bilingual Cognitive Earnings", bilingual is superior to monolingual in multitasking, suppression control, attention control, task conversion, and nonverbal problem solving. Bilingual brains are trained to work successfully while coping with the constant change between two active languages. "One of the advantages of bilingualism is that when translating something in your head it is still a way to refactor and analyze immature ideas and emotions." Abundant, able to speak English , Filipino (Filipino) and basic Japanese In terms of work, bilingualism certainly has its advantages. I believe that most employers are willing to pay higher wages because they speak more than one language that is fluent, but this is not the only privilege. Your brain also benefits from bilingualism. Believe it or not, bilingual will make you smarter and your cognitive skills will be greatly improved. In addition to an excellent jigsaw puzzle, other benefits of bilingualism include improving memory, improving decision making, improving multitasking skills, and improving focus on tasks. With these advantages alone, you can learn more than other languages. As you can imagine, the benefits are bigger for the children, they have higher exam schools in school and do good work in mathematics. Your kids may not like to learn a new language, but they will definitely understand it as they grow up and start earning a lot of money.

In addition to Native Americans, bilingual education in the United States is not yet "American" in the United States. Therefore, the United States is a major immigrant that arises from its history being able to group people of different cultures, races, religions, and backgrounds. This is why the United States is often regarded as the "crucible" of the world. However, although the United States is made up of diverse groups of immigrants, English is regarded as a national language of the United States, and we do internal affairs through English in the United States. Abstract: This article explains the broad background of bilingual and bilingual education in the United States. First we introduced the definition of bilingualism and discussed the dichotomy created in bilingual research. During the past 50 years, various terms have emerged: coordination and complex bilingualism, early and late bilingualism, simultaneous bilingualism, addiction and subtraction bilingualism, and elite and fork bilingualism. This distinction helps attract attention to every aspect of bilingualism but the most important lesson the author can learn from research is that some people associate personal characteristics with other features of the social group is. . The authors argue that a single definition of individual bilingualism is not enough to cover all individuals known as bilingual and there are various possibilities. The same can be said about social bilingualism. Until the United States was founded from violent colonies, bilingual education has always been part of the American education sector. According to one report, the future of the first bilingual educational event in the United States occurred in the first permanent British settlement in the 17th century Polish settler, Virginia. Shipbuilding and Glass Production Therefore, the colonial government provided Polies with "British rights" and made it possible to establish the first famous bilingual school in the Americas. After years of research and failure, we can achieve more promising bilingual education. In the United States, especially in California, we are long-term suppression of bilingual education. Mainstream / underwater (minority students in mainstream educational language, most language school sets) has been California's standard until recently. Immigrants and English learners go to a classroom that is well taught in English without much support or help. In some cases, students are placed in "special class" to speed up language acquisition process, but usually within one year. The program does not create a welcoming environment for more and more diversifying schools in California. The drowning of ethnic minority students is subtractive and harmful to their cultural identity, which is intertwined with their traditional language. California does not have to drown now

The data from the last two US surveys provided an estimate of the bilingual population. In the surveys of 1990 and 2000, respondents (or their parents) were asked whether they talked in a language other than English at home, and when talking, they were asked how well they speak English. The data does not show how respondents read and write English but this is more important for performance at school and work but they are valuable information on the language background of the population of the United States and California provide. This is very important. I've heard a lot about science, technology, engineering, mathematics, or gaps in STEM skills because bilingual skill gaps have been little attention. According to the New Economy Report, 2017 in the United States, in Canada in particular, this gap is serious and expanding. "It accounts for 12.4% of the working age population in the United States, but California occupies all job recruitment for bilingual workers 19.4% This is because bilingualism is a direct economic benefit and that person's income The opportunities for employment, opportunities for employment, and opportunities for promotion have been proved.Bilingualism, however, includes improving listening and communication skills, improving intercultural recognition, and improving empathy There are also great benefits to cognition. Bilingual rhythm does not only benefit Latin Americans. Living in a country where one-third of the population is not alienated politically or culturally is interesting to everyone. In 2016, Proposition 58 "California State Multilingual Education Law" was easily passed by 73% of votes. This is a major change 20 years ago and said that California people passed proposal 227 which is a highly argued anti-bilingual teaching law and broadly supports bilingualism. Especially in today's ethnic group, anti immigrants, bilinguals in California will show that you can change the identity of the US represented by the government, to get closer to reality.

New graduates from college graduates enter into an interview for business degrees. His possibilities as a worker are clearly high, and those sitting opposite the table are that he is a very intelligent person, and perhaps even the smartest people they are interviewing today I know. This young graduate can make miracles for his career with his youth and vitality. When asked, he only needs to answer the question, he asked millions of questions. They want to know if he can speak a second language. Have you heard the bilingual word of Charlemagne "Have a second soul in another language"? One of the advantages of bilingualism is to see the world in different ways. Some say that speaking two different languages ​​sometimes feels that there are two different personality. Of course you can bypass many countries without speaking a language. But if you use the local language of the place you visit, think about what you can experience. You do not need to use phrase manuals or translation applications on your mobile phone. If you can communicate with local people and immerse themselves in language and culture, your travel experience will be more enjoyable. Bilingualism has many social benefits. You can say that you can provide travel opportunities in two or more languages ​​for travel and migration to other countries, if necessary. This is another excellent way to understand the world, broaden our horizons and promote social development. Because you can interact with more people. Because multilingualism creates greater generosity and openness, it brings clearly a practical merit in today's globalized world. An excellent advantage of bilingualism is that individuals can participate without being excluded and have the opportunity to become part of two different diverse communities. Bilingualism may have important cognitive and economic advantages, but multilingualism is enthusiastic about emphasizing personal, social and cultural advantages. Many bilinguals think their approach and the way they see the world - even the way they smile or even love - will vary according to the language they speak. In the 1960's, Susan Erwin - Trip asked bilingual women in Japanese and English to complete sentences in various languages ​​and found that women have very different endings depending on whether they speak English or Japanese Did. For example, they completed "true friends ..." and "help each other" in Japanese, but in English "confessed". "Who is your favorite poet?" "What do you want to eat for dinner?" Asking in one language you will get an answer; asking the same question in a different language will give you another You may get a language. "There are other languages," Charlemagne says.

When a baby is born, he / she goes into an enthusiastic world that he wants to learn. Always receive information and absorb information like a new computer. Every experience he / she encounters may affect the baby 's mind. However, some of the things that children hear or perceive are useful for learning and those that cause harm. Teaching a second language to a child is the same concept as installing new software on a computer. Safe and powerful computers have many advantages, knowing the second language brings the same benefits. Have you heard the bilingual word of Charlemagne "Have a second soul in another language"? One of the advantages of bilingualism is to see the world in different ways. Some say that speaking two different languages ​​sometimes feels that there are two different personality. Of course you can bypass many countries without speaking a language. But if you use the local language of the place you visit, think about what you can experience. You do not need to use phrase manuals or translation applications on your mobile phone. If you can communicate with local people and immerse themselves in language and culture, your travel experience will be more enjoyable. Bilingualism has many social benefits. You can say that you can provide travel opportunities in two or more languages ​​for travel and migration to other countries, if necessary. This is another excellent way to understand the world, broaden our horizons and promote social development. Because you can interact with more people. Because multilingualism creates greater generosity and openness, it brings clearly a practical merit in today's globalized world. An excellent advantage of bilingualism is that individuals can participate without being excluded and have the opportunity to become part of two different diverse communities. Bilingualism may have important cognitive and economic advantages, but multilingualism is enthusiastic about emphasizing personal, social and cultural advantages. Many bilinguals think their approach and the way they see the world - even the way they smile or even love - will vary according to the language they speak. In the 1960's, Susan Erwin - Trip asked bilingual women in Japanese and English to complete sentences in various languages ​​and found that women have very different endings depending on whether they speak English or Japanese Did. For example, they completed "true friends ..." and "help each other" in Japanese, but in English "confessed". "Who is your favorite poet?" "What do you want to eat for dinner?" Asking in one language you will get an answer; asking the same question in a different language will give you another You may get a language. "There are other languages," Charlemagne says.

Socrates criticized literacy ability around BC 410 and thought that words that were recorded permanently would make believe that young people found knowledge. Socrates believes that true knowledge comes from experience. But centuries later, humans realize that they are being strengthened by their literacy skills and can record ideas and communications without a writer. History shows that humans are born without reading ability; we strengthen ourselves by using neural plasticity. Hakuta and Diaz solve bilingual and chicken and egg problems related to their reported cognitive abilities; children with higher cognitive abilities tend to learn multiple languages, improve cognition Ability to help? They conducted a series of nonverbal tests designed to measure cognitive abilities of bilingual children samples (Raven's progressive matrix). From these tests the results show that their sample and test scores are related by the degree of bilingualism (the extent to which they are proficient in their respective languages) and that bilingualism predicts performance I will. ability)). However, it is important to note that most native bilinguals are smart, so they have not learned the second language. Today's general consensus shows the idea that bilingualism brings about various cognitive benefits. Because their bilingual abilities increase their cognitive abilities, it can be assumed that the third language learner is obviously more advantageous than the second language learner. Hakuta & Bialystok (1994) wrote that "Knowledge of the two languages ​​is larger than the sum of the parts." Especially when students' bilingual abilities are additive rather than subtractive, most studies tend to show that bilingual is superior to monolingual in language acquisition (Cenoz, 2003). Language similarity, L1 / L2 effect, L1 / L2 proficiency, Recent use, Language state, General grammatical influence, Inter-language influence, Initial multilingual and TLA age, TLA There are other factors that affect. Angelis 2007; Cenoz, 2008) will focus on the impact of bilingualism on TLA. The use of pharmacological agents for cognitive enhancement purposes is one of the most frequently discussed problems in cognitive neuroscience, philosophy and media. There is an extreme view on whether healthy people should use these medications for cognitive enhancement purposes. Some scholars are now faithful supporters of strengthening drug recognition, but other scholars oppose it entirely. This causes a cultural war to improve so-called cognition. From this overview it is clear that the empirical evidence supporting cognitive enhancement of pharmacological substances in other healthy individuals is not definitive. There are also many neuroethical problems arising from their use, controversies arise from advocacy and specific opinions. Cultural warfare in cognitive enhancement itself may constitute a moral problem as it itself prevents correct and sincere dialogue in that field.

Scientists have discovered that the benefits of bilingualism are far greater than the benefits normally associated with the fluency of both languages ​​- it can also help the brains of later years' brains New research from the University of Montreal shows that bilingual saves brain power and can help to improve cognitive aging This study, led by Dr. AnaInés Ansaldo at the University of Gerontology Center, found that bilingualism can make the brain more efficient and economical in performing certain tasks. This study, published in the journal Neuro Linguistics, tested how bilingual and monolingual elderly people perform tasks that include visual information while ignoring spatial information. She noted that bilingual of this study shows higher connectivity between visual processing areas behind the brain and bilingual brain is more efficient and economical because it recruits fewer brain areas to complete the task I suggested. The area mobilized by the brain is a specialized area for detecting visual features of objects. "After many years of daily work to manage interference between the two languages, bilingual has become an expert in choosing relevant information and ignoring information that might divert tasks," Dr. Ansaldo Said. Monolingual and bilingual participants are "as good" as they complete tasks, but their brains do not function in the same way. "Bilingual is more economical due to brain power," she told the Montreal Official Gazette. Dr. Ansaldo said that the impact of bilingualism on brain functions may also have a positive impact on cognitive aging. This is mainly due to an effective way for bilingual brains to perform tasks and secondly because bilingual achieves the same result with monolingual task but does not use the forehead of aging brain . The brain handles information more effectively and avoids declining cognitive function, so bilingual cognitive and neurological benefits range from infancy to seniority. More importantly, the above mentioned attention and aging benefits are not limited to bilingual, they can also be seen by people learning second language later. I enjoyed one of the advantages. The cognitive, neurological and social benefits seen in bilinguals are based on how bilingualism shapes brain activity and structure, and in particular because most of the world's speakers experience it, We emphasize the need to think about how the final language behaves in thinking. Living in multiple languages Dr. Ansaldo said that the impact of bilingualism on brain functions may also have a positive impact on cognitive aging. This is mainly due to an effective way for bilingual brains to perform tasks and secondly because bilingual achieves the same result with monolingual task but does not use the forehead of aging brain . The 2013 Cognitive Science Trends Report states that using the second language can reduce the aging population. Researchers probably wanted bilingual people 's brains to allow their brains to process and search information more efficiently, to improve attention, memory and strengthen neural connections and to switch languages Can withstand cognitive decline. In a recent study, healthy middle-aged men jumped into the sauna two or three times a week, reducing the risks of dementia and Alzheimer's disease by 22% and 20% respectively 20 years later, making frequent visits once a week I showed it. Compared to people, the risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease decreased by 22% and 20%, respectively. Eastern Finland University. High temperature improves vascular function and allows more blood to flow to the brain. In addition, relaxation helps to relieve stress. This is known as the cytotoxin of the brain Saying multiple languages ​​is like exercising your brain. According to an increasing number of studies bilingualism can transcend cognitive benefits of language use. Recent studies suggest that it may increase the multitasking ability of the brain and may even

Choose three types of reading from Table 11.1 in the text to explain how bilingual learners are included in the lesson; use bilingual and monolingual picture book at the end of the text chapter; how many you are in the classroom You can learn bilingualism with this course. There are other bilingual books. Teachers can influence children to learn bilingualism. Reading instructions includes reading aloud, reading aloud, reading independently, supporting reading. Learning to read in the second language especially during adulthood may be different from the process of learning your mother tongue while studying childhood. Some young children learn to read without being taught. This is the case of Truman Capote, Truman Capote is said to have studied and wrote at the age of five. Others will teach themselves to read by comparing the road signs and words and words of the Bible. Novelist Nicholas Delbanco studied books on ships at the age of six and studied themselves by crossing the Atlantic Ocean. Despite the absence of normal intelligence, proper guidance, emotional disorder, sensory disorder, one in five children is hard to learn to read. These children need different approaches to express their voices and letters and to learn languages ​​about how to combine and separate them. Their hands, eyes, ears, and voices must work together to defend what they are teaching. This requires a systematic, sequential, multisensory educational approach. This type of instruction is not only indispensable for one fifth of children who do not respond to typical teaching methods, it is suitable for all children and can be used in any classroom with amazing results. When children learn to read, children should be exposed to various styles and types of text. As a teacher, I hope to like reading and reading while studying. Learning to read can be a difficult job, and books for children often lack unique ingredients. Poetry is different. It has a special source that the children crave, etc. It is important to find good examples of sharing poetry with children. Jack Prelutsky, Dennis Lee (a poet of Canada), Dr. Seuss, Shel Silverstein are among the best writers writing various poems and books for children. If I share one of the following options, you promise to build a love that will last a lifetime of poetry!

Understanding multilingual today is important not only for communication in multicultural society like Australia but also for personal career. Therefore, children are born as bilingual and language learners. According to Kessler (1997), bilingualism is defined as "alternate usage in the same individual or more languages" (p. 17). Infants who were born and learned both languages ​​at the same time seem to mix languages ​​at word level, discourse level, and small session level. Mixed languages ​​- Very young bilingual children often mix their own languages. This is perfectly normal and does not imply language confusion. It does not indicate that the "main" language is disadvantageous. In fact, adult bilinguals often mix languages ​​and use the words that are most appropriate for the current situation and audience communication needs. Early mixed language children in the process of becoming bilingual are using the simplest words for him or her, but they are not related to the limits of the audience. Assuming parents and teachers divide their languages, children will learn to separate languages ​​and change their voices according to the needs and circumstances of each person's communication. The evaluation of the latest and comprehensive bilingual education program is a review of the literature by KA Baker and AA de Kanter, and (1) through special courses, the performance of minority children can be improved. Bilingual education program must take measures to improve the quality of evaluation; (3) It is irrational to completely rely on this guidance method because the case of the effect of transitional bilingual education is very weak . Teach non-linguistic subjects so that children can make sufficient progress at school; (5) Immersion courses show promising results and more care should be taken in curriculum development We examined the influence of bilingualism on children's language development. The theory is that bilingual children can learn the second language after mastering the first language. One of the reasons behind this is that the child is developing a nonverbal concept of a word (since the child already uses it in the primary language) and therefore can only construct verbal concepts . Balanced bilinguals have been shown to be more flexible in their perception and language. However

In the United States, it is important to speak English fluently. Because it is the official language of the United States and everyone communicates in English. Many people think that English should be the only language in America, and sometimes people are biased when speaking English. For some parents, they are afraid of prejudice and therefore decide not to educate their children in their mother tongue. On the other hand, there are many other reasons why some parents want to educate their children in their native language. Frankie: After moving to Canada nine years ago, I soon realized the importance of bilingualism. It is proved to be an employer and having a 100% bilingual employee team is very important. I believe it not only opens up career opportunities but also allows people to experience the benefits of society, culture and travel. Bilingualism may have important cognitive and economic advantages, but multilingualism is enthusiastic about emphasizing personal, social and cultural advantages. Many bilinguals think their approach and the way they see the world - even the way they smile or even love - will vary according to the language they speak. In the 1960's, Susan Erwin - Trip asked bilingual women in Japanese and English to complete sentences in various languages ​​and found that women have very different endings depending on whether they speak English or Japanese Did. For example, they completed "true friends ..." and "help each other" in Japanese, but in English "confessed". "Who is your favorite poet?" "What do you want to eat for dinner?" Asking in one language you will get an answer; asking the same question in a different language will give you another You may get a language. "There are other languages," Charlemagne says. He said that the second language has many employment advantages. Bilingual means that there are more employment opportunities depending on the language you speak. Communication in the workplace is important, especially in companies with international offices, companies are considering making bilingual production the top priority. The rapid growth areas of tourism, journalism and translation are very important to bilingual employees. Even if you are not qualified as other single language applicants, you can get better job opportunities by giving top priority to entries in other languages ​​listed in your resume.

Today, English is the language of international law, international politics, business and diplomacy. Everyday, more second language disappears, English becomes more general and global. The scholars are discussing how global globalization and bilingualism around the world affects other languages ​​and cultures. Most of my friends believe bilingualism and English globalization will improve people's lives around the world, but this situation will only lead to competition and will lead to survival of the fittest. Instinctively, we divide humans into friends and friends - friends, we are doing moral cooperation with them; enemies, we have competitors. But this department is constantly changing; at one point hates his commercial competitors, and on the other hand he suddenly starts to look at him as a brother when they are threatened by socialism or external enemies . When we exceed the family limit, it always provides a cohesive external enemy. When we are safe, we can hate our neighbors, but in case of danger, we must love him. Friends and enemy identity actors can pose a threat, so we need to judge whether each actor is more friends or more enemies. The extent of the threat may not be of interest from friends, ranges of enemies, intimate friends, occasional friends, partners and neighbors, partners, allies, neutral, but competitors, enemies, enemies, and ultimate To be honest it is evil. The game looks like a phone. When a message (information or story) from one party to another party is passed among many parties, each party uses its own word to express the meaning of the message and the message tends to be destroyed Yes. Since different information is interpreted, new information is deliberately or unintentionally generated, the whole information is represented in different ways, so after a few people the information may not be very similar to the original information There is sex. We often see relationships in extreme ways: Is someone a friend or an enemy? But the new book by Mr. Wharton Professor Maurice Schweitzer and Adam Gallinsky of Columbia Business School's "Friends and Enemies" shows that most relations are much more complicated: they involve cooperation and competition . Knowledge @ Wharton: Morris and Adam, the important insight of this book you write is that we are constantly competing and cooperating in the workplace and at home - usually at the same time. You also pointed out that we often miss this mark. Why is this?

Character Magazine When I got injured and left Jimmy and the nurse away, the whole nightmare started. It seems that a long time has passed since Jimmy returned home last time. I miss my little baby. Things may get out of hand due to the way we treat him, but that seems that we are doing nothing wrong. I take care of children because I love them. I do not understand why they must take him away. My name is Luellen James. I am the mother of Jimmy James. My husband is Ray James. It is Jimmy. 4-year-old. I published a newspaper article later. It follows almost this pattern through this book. At various points, the plot is created using the character's diary and then jumps to the diary of another character, so you need to read the method before revealing the exciting conclusion of that particular event. At other times, the content written by the character must be deducted to determine what happened. When the first character, Jonathan Harker, was imprisoned in the castle near the sunset, there was a good example and I knew that the number would attack him that night. His diary is over when he explained how he could escape. But until the beginning of his fiancee journal was completed, the success of his escape was not obvious. This suspense is very irritated and annoying from time to time. Therefore, its purpose is often defeated and the plot is affected. However, if the character is at the edge of the important area, a more general suspense type will be used. The Wall Street Journal promises to promote legal scholarships of common law and civil law. In the University Law journal, McGill is particularly unique for bilingualism, bilingualism, and success as the most frequently quoted university law journal. Canadian Supreme Court. "The Melbourne International Law Journal is a publication of exciting and innovative international law focusing on the Asia Pacific region, issued every two years This academic journal deals with scientific and practical oriented material shortage - Pacific and private law and international public law. "

Since the Constitution Act of 1867 (Santrock et al., 284), Canada is officially bilingual. Since the bill, researchers have discovered many advantages of bilingualism in cognitive development. Bilingualism improves spiritual flexibility, such as divergent thinking, efficiency of task switching, and promotion of advanced vocabulary. Since bilingual children have excellent meta-linguistic perceptions, they are more conscious of the structure and nature of the language. Bilingual is more efficient in attention management; they easily focus on critical tasks and information. French celebrated its 50th anniversary in Canada, about 378 thousand students entered the country, 1.3 million French students enrolled. In other words, half of all Canadian qualified students (students outside Quebec) are learning French because there are no students in the state. However, the project faces a big challenge in the future. Lack of resources, less number of language teachers, and welcome project prospects for students without middle-aged and elderly families and special needs. Students from countries other than French learn French by learning French which is part of English education. In Quebec and New Brunswick, the French language course starts from the first year. In other provinces, the French course usually begins in 4th graders or 5th graders. Students usually take French lessons for about 600 hours at the time of graduation. The purpose of the "Core French" course is not to train a completely bilingual graduate but to "to provide students with the ability to fully communicate in the second language, and the second for students to learn a solid communication base Providing a language tool for continuing language ". . British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan do not have essential French core courses, only essential BC courses are available in BC. It is said that the language of portmanteau, which combines English and French grammar, grammar and vocabulary to form a unique language, is sometimes attributed to essential French basic education in the Canadian English school system. Many Canadians speak French little, but they often add French words to their sentences. A simple word or phrase such as "c'estquoiça?" (what is this?), or words such as "arrête" (stop) can be replaced with their corresponding English equivalent. This phenomenon is more common in the eastern half of the country where the French population is densely populated.

I am not thinking of a gorgeous introduction that can truly draw your attention. If my problem is not solved quickly, please show some angry statistics on how the world will end. In order to show how important my problem is, I can write a very interesting story about this issue and the relationship between all of us. Or, I can find some very good quotes. And it occupies one third of the page, it leaves only 2/6 and 2/3 of the paper left to write to me. & Lt; Tab / & gt; In addition to being bilingual in the United States, it is already useless, it is in vain to prevent it. Currently, the population of the United States is about 300 million people, about 10% of Americans speak Spanish, and this number is rapidly increasing. The Spaniards have a solid foothold in this country and it is impossible to withdraw their armies from America. In addition, other languages ​​such as Arabic are also increasing. Currently, the number of English is decreasing steadily, but I can say only the number of people who speak English. essay.com/Title: America: One person, One voice, one language? This is an article about why the United States should allow itself to bilingual based on the Detroit News article. Title: America: One person, one voice, one language? This is an article about why the United States should allow itself to bilingual based on the Detroit News article. Bilingual education in the United States is a rational idea, but it is not real bilingual education, it is only bilingual for those who do not speak English. America is a country with an increasing number of cultures, and the languages ​​of different parts of America are different. In California, Spanish is the main language other than English, French is used in Maine. Other cultures should not be fully integrated into the mainstream of the United States, but the United States should not be rebounding to ease the lives of foreigners. Not only immigrants, but also everyone should learn the second language in order to be more cultural tolerance. Americans should make bilingual education truly bilingual As the population of the United States gets more diverse, discussion on bilingualism is intensifying. For example, many people ask if English should be declared as the official language of the country. Still should you encourage bilingualism? In this article, we will provide a background sketch for the background of the current bilingual problems of each country. Recalling the famous historical event and the factors chosen, it reveals American bilingual phenomenon from before colonial period to the present. A model was developed to develop bilingual perspectives. From the pre-colonial era to the late nineteenth century it was generally accepted and even bilingual rhythms were accepted. From around 1880 until around 1920, only the feelings of British people increased markedly. This time is full of sharply open challenges against bilingualism. Discussion continues from the 1920's to the present, but in general, supporters of bilingualism are not publicly available in general.

¿ Please understand the important meaning. If you answered "Do you understand what it meant?", Your resume is similar to many other non-Spanish Americans, but its competitiveness will decline. In the harsh economic situation in the United States where the unemployment rate exceeds 8%, there is no room for negotiation on the ability to distinguish themselves in the employment market (Scherer). As the population of Latin America increases sharply, the labor force of the United States is seriously affected. People are convinced that the ability to speak English in the United States is enough to distinguish themselves in the employment market by combining with their own education and professional experience, but this paper discusses Okay. In the United States, speaking English and Spanish should be a crime, but in today's society, Spanish is the second largest language in the world. There are jobs that employ bilingual in English and Spanish and think that they are willing to pay the best dollar salary for people's abilities. - High risk behavior Both Mexico and Polish culture are involved in high risk activities that consume a large amount of alcohol and use illegal cannabis substances. These societies like similar substances, but the reason behind these involvement in high-risk behavior is quite different. Mexican culture is often very celebrating, and the use of substances usually develops on social gatherings. I was born in 1972 and is a member of the generation that studies English and Spanish. Many of my cousins ​​and brothers are bilingual, serve as translators for families, and their English is hardly working. Other people can not follow the Spanish scene with a family gathering You can tell which group you can say: Estella, Eric, Delia, Dubina, Melanie. It is interesting to see the name "America" ​​began to be ruled among my niece, nephew, second generation brother, and my hometown friends. It is not surprising to see Brandon and Kaitlyn of 5 years old. There are few people who doubt the contradiction of matching their names with surname like Trujillo or Zeleda. In the English-only lifestyle section, we explain the quiet elimination of cultural differences that assimilation is about to achieve. A name like Kaitlyn Zepeda does not completely cover her race, but the half steps of her name as a gesture are almost understandable. Most country data sets define bilingualism with very broad strokes, irrespective of Spanish speaking respondents, small Spanish and English speaking respondents, and third of full bilingual and bilingual I will. If you can not capture this inhomogeneity, the clear relationship between bilingualism and the labor market is hidden.

(Clarification: How is Karin Davenport in US English thinking about multilanguage support funded by the government.) If you are concerned about unresolved arguments about bilingual education, I know that there are two basic objections. As written by Claire Bowern, author of the next article, Frankly, bilingualism is often considered "good" when an English-speaking person adds a language as a hobby or other international language, but for poor people, ethnic or indigenous peoples speak English first Add to the language. Even when it comes to the same two languages, bilingual is very bad. & Lt; Tab / & gt; Some people think that bilingual education is not as bad as Richard Rodriguez. Richard Rodriguez is the son of a Mexican immigrant who is one third of four children. He does not support bilingual education, he considers "losing means income" (108). If you do not understand your mother tongue you will get English. But I ceased to agree with Richard Rodriguez about his view on bilingual education and lost average income. I think that bilingual education only serves to help students, and I think that they will not lose. Bilingual education is a good course to help immigrant students complete their studies. Bilingual education helps immigrant students master English and their mother tongue. They lose one and do not need to get another. Frankly, bilingualism is often considered "good" when an English-speaking person adds a language as a hobby or other international language, but for poor people, ethnic or indigenous peoples speak English first Add to the language. Even when it comes to the same two languages, bilingual is very bad. The biggest concern of immigrants is that it could ruin what they make them attractive. Institutions in poor countries are often not good. There are good countries in rich countries - this is the reason they are rich. Benefits of a good system for the poor to immigrate to a rich country. But, as many of them move, will you supersede Swiss norms like Nigerian norms and make these institutions drown? In other words, "How many new people can absorb in a rich country"? The history of the United States shows that the number grows over time. Its population is growing from the current 1,800 to 320 meters (including 900,000 black slaves). Mr. Clemens and Lant Pritchett at Harvard University modeled the number of immigrants necessary to bring rich institutions closer to institutions in poor countries, presuming from what we can observe today. Their answer is as follows. It is much more feasible than currently thought

Today, there are 6 to 7,000 languages ​​in the world. Millions of children around the world began learning the second or even third language before going to high school. For example, over 200 million students in China are reading English at elementary school, but only 24,000 in English in the United States (Glod 1). The lack of bilingual rhythm is becoming an increasingly serious problem as the US competes globally with other economic powers. When children and adults begin learning foreign languages, they develop cognitive skills, especially children. According to the American Foreign Language Education Committee, children who begin to learn foreign languages ​​in early childhood show a specific cognitive advantage over children without foreign languages. Studies of early learning education in Canada show that bilingual children develop persistent concepts faster than children without bilingualism. In other words, they know that objects with different names in other languages ​​remain the same no matter what they are called, and that the function of the object does not change. It also provides superior psychological flexibility and creative thinking skills over colleagues who speak only one language to their children. The advantage of learning multiple languages ​​at a very young age is no longer a matter of guess. Scientists observed differences in the brains of people who learn foreign languages ​​soon. People who learn multiple languages ​​in early childhood hear and process all these languages ​​in the same area of ​​the brain. At the same time, those who learn languages ​​after this critical period treat new languages ​​in narrower areas that are far from their mother tongue. Early language learning is most effective and effective, but it is possible to learn languages ​​throughout their lifecycle. Teenagers and adults can learn foreign languages ​​despite great difficulties. In fact, if they are immersed in a new language environment, they can learn the language well, but the special aspects such as accent are not as fully developed as the language they have learned previously I do not. Individual differences also vary the extent and duration of developmental sensitivity from individual to individual. Some people can master almost all aspects of foreign languages ​​until adulthood

Language plays an important role in American society. English is taught all over the world because it is a universal language. For example, a person who speaks Italian and wishes to learn Chinese has to learn English first. The reason is that there is no direct translation from Italian to Chinese. This is why languages ​​are so important. When foreigners want to come to China, there will be assimilation and multicultural vocabulary. Foreigners should be integrated to our culture to a certain extent. I agree. Assimilation is the cornerstone of discussion of anti-biliary education. Many people against bilingual education claimed that immigrant children came here and they should abandon their culture and accept their new cultural paradigm. Bilingualism makes it possible for children to participate fully in American experiences without giving up on cultural heritage and ancestral ideas. Therefore, increase the mainstream culture and do not deprive it. Critics in the English course believe that resources are scarce, but resources are used for every event due to an increase in the number of registered English speaking students. In addition, for economic and social reasons adults claim that children need to speak English and blend into the American society, critics must admit that the ability to recognize multilingual is legitimate Hmm. Until the United States was founded from violent colonies, bilingual education has always been part of the American education sector. According to one report, the future of the first bilingual educational event in the United States occurred in the first permanent British settlement in the 17th century Polish settler, Virginia. Shipbuilding and Glass Production Therefore, the colonial government provided the Polish with "British rights" and made it possible to establish the first famous bilingual school in the Americas.

Spanish colonialism and its impact on Puerto Rico has been continually discussed on the identity of the Puerto Rican people. The controversial argument is that the first Puerto Ricans were actually blacks. Many Puerto Ricans did not fully consider this idea, but the history proved that this statement is accurate. But this is the only factor in the formation of people in Puerto Rico. Puerto Rican identity can be understood only by studying the colonial history of the island. Spanish colonialism on the history of the Puerto Rican Puerto Rican people. The name will soon be reminiscent of the beauty of the beautiful tropical island. The name "Puerto Rico" usually does not form the image of the Tinian Indians or African slaves, but these groups are important for laying the foundation of Puerto Rico's identity concept. - Thomas Kid's justice and revenge in Thomas Kidd's "Tragedy of Spain", Thomas Kid had always the theme of justice and revenge. Justice is the highest law of land, without the justice the country suffers, the country which is easy to care about the social position has no reason to stick. Therefore, people with power will respect justice. However, revenge breaks a subtle balance of putting together a Spanish society. Spanish influence on Puerto Rican identity Spain's occupation for Puerto Rico's first occupation was very important to the language as part of Puerto Rico's identity. Spain's conquistador declared the island in Spain in 1493 as Spain's name, Spain imposed Spanish for the inhabitants of the island in the 16th century when Spain lived on the island. After all, the Spaniards ceased to take and take over old ways, to penetrate our culture into Taino, to create a new dimension that Spanish is incorporated into the cornerstone of Puerto Rico's foundation. Language affiliation Spanish and English are official languages, but despite government efforts to eliminate Spanish and improve bilingualism, Puerto Rico is almost Spanish. Puerto Rico Spanish is a standard Spanish dialect with its own characteristics. The influence of Taíno is obvious in the explanation of material things ("hammock" and "tobacco"), natural phenomenon ("hurricane"), place name and proverb. However, Africans have defined the nuances of Puerto Rican Spanish. Africa's speech contributes to the speech and influences phonology, grammar and rhythm

I understand that there is no problem. There is a problem in understanding the interaction with others. Introduction The development of American culture is always different, it is often the opposite of cultural and ethnic interactions, it is the first time from Europeans. Steps to the coast of the Americas Each group of colonists and immigrants brings their own unique perspective and fundamental value to the table. 2015 Two Special Issues on "Intercultural Intercultural Communication" published in International and Intercultural Communication magazine are the continuing necessity of considering racial identity as a distinctive cultural identity in intercultural exchanges It shows sex. Significant changes in intercultural exchange scholarship have promoted the theory of identity that takes into account its "cultural, historical and political endogenous" (Mendoza, Halualani, & Drezwiecka, 2002, p. 312 ). Ethnic (and ethnic) status is particularly abundant in such domestic and domestic efforts (eg Cooks & Simpson, 2007). As Martin and Davis (2001) stated, "Researching intercultural communication within the United States, not focusing on the racial / ethnicity of Caucasian Americans, leaves unfinished paintings It is "(p.299). Cross-Cultural Communication The bad example of intercultural exchange between the United States of America and Mexico on 21 August 2013 is that communication has a major impact on diplomacy and international trade between the two countries. Mexico is a cross-cultural country bordering the United States. The United States is traditional, and there are many cultures in the country. Occupational ethics and language in intercultural communication Intercultural communication is an important part of modern society and culture. For example, in the United States, people are very diverse from the perspective of culture, race, and ethnicity. In some cases, English alone is not enough. Recently, bilingualism, moreover, trilingualism is advantageous for job seekers. Because the employer knows our diverse population. Intercultural communication is open to the world and offers the opportunity to see the difference between humans. International students who decide to study in the US often encounter communication problems and often face cultural shocks and disadvantages. After interviewing international students and having a conversation, I was able to spread my knowledge directly and experience intercultural communication. His name is Guillermo Alvarez and he is from Mexico. More specifically, he told me he came from the big city Guadalajara Jalisco

Family culture influences our mind, our way of life, and the future. When we first began to understand the baby, we introduced our family ideals first through culture. As we get older, these cultural influences continue to be influenced by our decisions. Of course, the family is not the same. As an Asian-American, we continue to fight between traditional Asian culture and Western freedom culture. It is clear that this conflict causes many problems between parents and children, especially through my friends. Welcome to Family and Culture Lab. Our research investigates psychopathology and the culture, the socialization of families, and the disposition for children's and youth's capacity development. Our laboratory's graduate research projects such as development of pediatric executive function, bilingualism, relationship between teacher and student, cultural gap between parent and child, and community influence on child's development My story and similar stories shared by many Americans reveal the basic truth of our country. The existence of opportunities may affect the personal prospects of the future. Those opportunities From my earliest life experience I have learned that today's situation does not determine how the future will be revealed - we have a better life for ourselves You can create it. That is why we are creating an index for 2014 culture and opportunity. This is to show the status as a country, to strengthen the determination to restore the United States. This is especially true in Nepal. "Our culture, our identity". From dawn to dusk, from birth to death, Nepalese lifestyles are greatly affected by culture. Every moment in our life is led by culture. Fortunately, most of our culture is very good. In our country, Nepal has various caste, religion, and ethnic groups. Even people in the same area and people in the same state have different cultures. Sometimes they are the same surname and even ethnic groups.

As a fan of all the Spaniards and people who always stick to the heartbeat of the business world, I think that I am very suitable for this course and I can offer my enthusiasm and dedication. I have always been fascinated by the speed of the advancement of communication technology and the length that we communicate with society as quickly and more easily and more effectively. With the globalization of commerce and the emergence of an increasingly international supply chain, the demand for speakers in other languages ​​is rising, and these languages ​​can also understand business strategies. So, why do you study Spanish with Quito in Ecuador? The benefits of bilingualism, the easier reason to learn languages ​​abroad, the reasons why Spanish is particularly suitable for learning, and every way to understand the local language will make sense more abroad . Please experience. I am here to provide four stories about love for Quito in Ecuador for Americans who play higher level Spanish missions and some adventures. Learn the limitless advantage that you can speak Spanish and its region, broad demographics, and Spanish by clicking on the links summarized below. These are surely aroused your interest in starting learning more and choosing one of the countries to study. Spanish is the most popular learning language in North America. Today, over 60 million people speak Spanish as a second language. There are several options for learning how to speak Spanish. Hire a private tutor, learn a language course (school or online), learn CD-ROM or audio lesson separately, participate in exchange programs or practice conversation Spanish native (so-called tandem partner)) mentor or CD - Some ROMs are expensive, but courses and exchange programs are very time-consuming, but all these strategies are effective. The fastest way to get Spanish, and the biggest promise to date, is still immersed in it. In order to move to a Spanish-speaking country country, you need to learn the language of everyday life. This survival pressure usually produces fluency within a few months. If you do not have much leisure time, an online course like Babbel is the best choice.

Doubles Peak debuted in 1947 at George Orwell 's revolutionary work "1984". The doubles peak has complicated meaning and usage in the novel, in short, it is about ambiguity and hypocrisy, and make them mislead and make them obey. Speak lies twice while pretending to express the truth. A daily episode of a double story is a word used to denote a word that makes it look negative and its opposite meaning. It is considered a form of abuse because languages ​​are not synchronized with the real meaning, thereby restricting, hindering and hiding thoughts. Most of that goal is negative: fraud, distortion, avoidance and inflation. As a society, we are used to it. Our politicians often use bilingualism. Using words intentionally to hide meanings is by no means good. However, this does not reduce the importance of abuse of words. Professor William Lutz at Rutgers University has written several books on "double" and is a former editor of "Double Peak Quarterly" to study technical terms, words and usage. The way to pollute the official language is to hide its meaning. Brief English bio-pesticide Bacillus thuringiensis - Report of the Iraqi research team (Duelfer Report) - Bacillus thuringiensis is a commonly used biological hazard that can safely and effectively target specific species of larvae It is a biological control agent. It is sold under the name "BT" at the garden equipment center in the US and its use is considered as gentle as being approved for "organic" growth foods.

Children begin to read (1) - Easy now 50 words per paragraph to allow children to start reading Start reading for children (2) - Prepare more than 100 words of 50 words for children, improve reading skills by reading ESL (English as Second Language) teacher or ELL (English Learner) teacher are responsible for providing courses and support for students studying English as a second language. ESL teachers often use real-life backgrounds to help students acquire language complexity. ESL teachers must be sensitive, creative and sensitive to the cultural differences expected when working with international students. Normally, people who teach English as a second language also become tutor and consultant for students who just set themselves in new circumstances. ESL teacher is a second language teacher in English. ESL teachers must be extremely patient because his or her students are not fluent in English. ESL teachers may need bilingualism, but this is not always necessary. ESL teachers are also well aware of cultural differences as students may have come from different backgrounds. ESL teachers need to be good at research. Because he or she might spend time looking for equivalent words in different languages. ESL (English as second language) / ESOL (English in other languages). English education for non-native speakers. ESL / ESOL teachers teach English in a variety of ways, including focusing on grammatical rules, sentence structures, or language functions (eg focusing on specific usage of language phrases in the context) . At the secondary level, ESL / ESOL aims to improve English reading comprehension and reading comprehension and writing skills. LEP. For the purposes of this research it is possible that students' success in language classes may be affected if it is reported that it is difficult to understand spoken or spoken English. That student is defined as limited English proficiency (LEP). Teaching is in English. In order to qualify for federal LEP services, students must meet other legal requirements, including families in languages ​​other than English.

Since our country was established, the question of whether English will be the official language is always controversial. English is a connection that helps to unite many parts of our society. Our country should not admire bilingualism but should use English as the mother tongue of America to ensure unity of our country in the future. The United States consists of many immigrants from all over the world. We are a country with many cultural and ethnic groups that are constantly responding to the formation of American culture. American English, various English used in the United States. Not every American says the same thing, but their speech is quite common. American English grew up in this country. At the beginning of the colony, it began to deviate from British English and gained regional differences and ethnic tastes during the mainland settlement. Today, it is the attraction of American culture - its literature, movies, television programs - because it is a widespread medium in the world, it affects other languages ​​and various other English. African American native language English (sometimes called Ebonics formerly known as black English) is a major type of social language. It refers to the American English category most influenced by American African culture. Historically, African American English may have taken some of the characteristics of Plantation Creole, but more features from South American English regarding plantation culture were learned. African-American native English speakers generally do not pronounce after a vowel, so the door may sound like a doe or as poor as a poor person. This may be pronounced dis and dat. Consonant groups at the end of a word are usually reduced to a single consonant. For example, it is an optional pronunciation or a walking walk. A connection verb (usually a form of verb) is not usually displayed in a sentence like his happy or her doctor.

Spanish influence on Puerto Rican identity Spain's occupation for Puerto Rico's first occupation was very important to the language as part of Puerto Rico's identity. Spain's conquistador declared the island in Spain in 1493 as Spain's name, Spain imposed Spanish for the inhabitants of the island in the 16th century when Spain lived on the island. After all, the Spaniards ceased to take and take over old ways, to penetrate our culture into Taino, to create a new dimension that Spanish is incorporated into the cornerstone of Puerto Rico's foundation. Spanish colonial rule on Puerto Rican identity and Puerto Rican identity is the subject of controversy, especially in today's society where American colonialism dominates the majority of the island's government and economic policy. The country is suffering from the powerful influence of today's colonialists while trying to decisively maintain all aspects of the Spanish colonial heritage. - Many people have problems for many years. The problem is "Who is more cruel, is a Spanish conqueror, Aztecs are more common?" field. For countless reasons, why is it likely that any of them will be more civil or savage Spanish influence on Puerto Rican identity Spain's occupation for Puerto Rico's first occupation was very important to the language as part of Puerto Rico's identity. Spain's conquistador declared the island in Spain in 1493 as Spain's name, Spain imposed Spanish for the inhabitants of the island in the 16th century when Spain lived on the island. After all, the Spaniards ceased to take and take over old ways, to penetrate our culture into Taino, to create a new dimension that Spanish is incorporated into the cornerstone of Puerto Rico's foundation. Language affiliation Spanish and English are official languages, but despite government efforts to eliminate Spanish and improve bilingualism, Puerto Rico is almost Spanish. Puerto Rico Spanish is a standard Spanish dialect with its own characteristics. The influence of Taíno is obvious in the explanation of material things ("hammock" and "tobacco"), natural phenomenon ("hurricane"), place name and proverb. However, Africans have defined the nuances of Puerto Rican Spanish. Africa's speech contributes to the language and affects phonology, grammar and rhythm as well.

Bilingualism is often used in science and in general terms to refer to knowledge and / or use in both languages, but the specific content of the definition is widely debated (eg Altariba and Heredia, 2008; De Groot & Kroll, 1997; Grosjean, 2010). In fact, it is estimated that more than one third of the world's population (Grosjean, 2010) to 2/3 (Walraff, 2000) often uses multiple languages ​​in daily communication environments. Considering this global linguistic feature, it has been suggested that people who are difficult to communicate after a stroke may become increasingly bilingual (Ansaldo, Marchotte, Scherer, & Raboyeau, 2008; Centeno, 2009 ). A bilingual study of aphasia is important as it is necessary to be able to recommend treatment that satisfies a reasonable estimate of the recovery process. However, we lack the causal relationship of the recovery model. We distinguish neural representation of language network from the area related to network control. Contrary to some arguments, we demonstrate that a single adaptive network is the foundation of multilingual representation based on normal data and identify positive (top lobe) cortical networks in its control. As far as patient data is concerned, recovery of L1 and L2 is widely expected to be parallel with the level before disease if there is no language control problem. Recent advances mean that this prediction can be tested against patient specimens, not through sampled cases reported in the literature. Voxel based morphometry can be used to correlate changes in gray matter density and changes in mission performance There are several commonly used tests and procedures for diagnosing patients with Broca aphasia. Western Aphasia Battery (WAB) classifies individuals based on scores in speech, hearing understanding, repeat, and naming subtests. Boston Diagnosis Aphasia check (BDAE) informs users of what type of aphasia is present, estimates the location of the lesion, and evaluates the current language ability. The corresponding pouch index (PICA) predicts the outcome of potential rehabilitation for aphasic patients. Measurement of quality of life is also an important evaluation tool. Through tests such as Aphasia People's Life Assessment (ALA) and Life Satisfaction Index Scale (SWLS), therapists can aim at important and meaningful skills for individuals.

This content is available through online browsing (free) program dependent on page scan. Screen readers can not currently scan, so please contact JSTOR user support for access. We will provide PDF copy of your screen reader Praisers praised what they thought of as Trudeau's wisdom and political insight, maintained the national unity of Quebec's sovereign movement, restrained Québec's terrorist crisis, and made Pan-Canada's identity Cultivate, and achieve comprehensive institutional reform, including the implementation of official bilingualism. Constitutional Protection and the Establishment of "Charter of Rights and Freedoms" Critics condemned him as damaging the Quebec culture and prairie economy due to arrogance, poor economic management, and excessive concentration of Canadian decisions doing. He withdrew from politics in 1984 and John Turner took over him. During most of the 50 years, Canadian politics was asked: Quebec is a country? Should it be recognized by constitutional or other means? Discussions on the "unique society" clause of Mickey Lake and the Charlottetown Agreement from the early "special status" and "dual state" of the era of Leicester Pearson and Robert Stanfield, the parliament based on the Harper regime Until the resolution recognizes that "Quebec formed a unified country in Canada", this problem is not far from the headline. For most Quebec politicians, whether it is sovereign or not, the question of Quebec's political position has not been solved yet. Quebec independence is a political problem, but cultural issues are also a source of independent desire. The core cultural claims of sovereignty are that sovereignty alone can fully guarantee the survival of French in North America, the Quebecs establish their own nationality, maintain their cultural identity, It is possible to maintain the existence of group memory of.

Language is an important part of our life. I remember speaking English a bit when I arrived in America. I went to school to improve my language, literacy; even now I am learning a second language, I can not live in this new environment without English. Now I grow my own children, I hope that they have this important skill, this privilege allows them to understand the languages ​​of the second language, parents and grandparents I will. By studying bilingual children's research, research shows the importance of children learning second language. In the first half of the 20th century, researchers actually believed that bilingual rhythm disadvantaged children and that it would impair the quality of her life. And development of the oral cavity. However, in recent years, the opposite study emerges the concept of bilingual advantage. It seems to be widespread persuasive, most of which comes from the prudent work of psychologist Alan Biyastock. For many tasks, including tasks that include working memory, bilingual seems to have advantages. In the review of the evidence of 2012, Bialystok showed that bilingual demonstrated enhanced enforcement control linked to other qualities to improve academic performance. When it comes to quality of continuous attention and effective switching work, bilingual tends to be connected. If you have a choice, this seems very obvious, you should let your child speak multiple languages. However, current research finds many convincing advantages of bilingualism. For example, psychologists Ellen Bialystok and Michelle Martin-Rhee study bilingual and monolingual children, perform a variety of tasks, bilingual children ignore distraction and maintain a focus more challenging When you change from one task to another task, please remember that information to another information. In other studies, it is necessary to balance the languages ​​of both languages, so that the brains of bilingual people can adapt and enable faster information transmission, learn new concepts, solve problems faster, notice while distracting attention It is urging us. Please keep the information. In other words, using two languages ​​makes people smarter

Kaushankaya et al. Let's think about the discovery. (2011) In short-term memory tasks, bilingual is expected to behave better than monolingual. Since 1974, Maccoby and Jacklin (Herlitz, Nilsson and Backman, 1997) conclude that girls have a superiority in language ability when boys are superior in visuospatial capacity, I am researching. Furthermore, Herlitz et al. (1997) Looking for gender difference in memory ability, they discovered that women were superior to men in episodic memory tasks. To measure the search time process, we rely on metrics developed in the context of fluency study of monolinguistic language. For this purpose, we have an analogy between the bilingual disadvantage mechanism and the known factors that influence the fluency of a single language. The first analogy is the dual task effect of creating interference accounts and the fluency of speech. After bilingual speakers search examples of target languages, searching for other category members can easily trigger equivalent translations in languages ​​other than the target languages. This study tested three possible mechanisms by which bilingualism influences language fluency: (a) language interference; (b) a decrease in language-specific language usage (weak link); (c) vocabulary Decrease in knowledge. All three mechanisms can explain why bilingual does not produce correct response than single language (Experiment 1), but non-dominant language (Experiment 2) does not produce the correct response, but by these additional means You can distinguish between the mechanisms. I will decide which is mainly responsible for the disadvantage of fluency in bilingual. The three key types of evidence suggest that inter-language interference has a major influence on language fluency: (a) search time process (experiments 1 and 2), (b) bilingual 1 and experiment 1; (c) interlingua intrusion error rate in Experiment 2

Possible educational scenario in Malta Malta's population has two official languages, Maltese and English. Unfortunately, in recent years the Maltese English standard seems to be getting worse rapidly, and an English "O" level examiner expresses the candidate's language as "worried baby" . Employers believe employees' bilingualism is a good asset, that is, fluent use of Maltese and English. Therefore, the shame of English speaking people must be removed from the country so that people can move forward as a united fight in a competitive world. I was born in Malta and both Maltese and English are official languages. I said - and even now - mainly the Maltese and my Maltese mother and brothers and sisters, and English and my French father. At the school I learned two languages, subjects such as geography and history are taught in the language of the textbook. It is a bit confusing, but in the first part of my life, the transition from Maltese to English is easy. Then, when I was ten years old, my family moved to Alsace, France. I tried very hard to avoid talking to English classmates, but if I stick, they decided to finally understand me. The teacher forced me to speak French sentences in front of the whole class. Of course, I am very grateful to him today. Maltese is mainly Roman Catholic, whose alphabet and grammatical structure comes from Latin, but their language is similar to Arabic. Maltese and English are official languages. Italian language is widely used. Children from 5 to 16 years old are under compulsory education for free. In 1994, Masida University (1592) had around 5000 students in the university. Export, shipbuilding and repair, and manufacturing tourism are the main industries of Malta. Major manufacturers include processed foods and beverages, textiles and garments, furniture and wood products, printing and publishing, tobacco products, transportation equipment (especially vessels), machinery, rubber and plastic products and chemicals. Tourism has become increasingly important, and in 1998 there were 2 million tourists in the country. Shipping related business is extremely important for the Maltese economy

Focusing on education beyond English In recent years, discussion on bilingual education has attracted attention. Immigrants are growing fast and children other than English attend public schools. According to Thomas and Collier, "By the 2030s, it is expected that minority students in the language will account for about 40% of the school-age population" (5). Many people claim that non-English speaking children, especially Hispanic Americans, are disadvantageous for merely non-manageable projects, as bilingual projects in many areas have caused intense controversy. Bilingual courses are becoming more popular than bilingual education and are increasing in popularity. In these courses, teach English and Spanish alternately so that English speakers can speak fluent Spanish and Spanish-speaking English, making Spanish equal to English and American to two I'll change it. - Country of the language Then, US Education Secretary Richard Riley clearly endorsed these plans in the March 2000 speech "Excelencia para Todos - Excellence for Everyone". Republican and Democratic Party support bilingualism In addition to politics, parents are looking for high quality education for children and the actual cost of pure English teaching. Bilingual goals are closely related and intertwined - Providing a better educational model for speakers other than English, promoting cross-cultural understanding, and regenerating the lost American language under special circumstances - this Approach gets praise. Increasing this momentum, schools such as the Los Angeles Camino Nuevo Charter Academy accept cultural and cognitive values ​​of bilingual programs. As a charter school, Camino Nuevo does not receive California exclusive English education requirements, so you can teach bilingual in Spanish and English from kindergarten to 5th grade. This course emphasizes cultural literature and shows signs of success