There are countless weakness in technology and human gene pool technology. From clamshell shell open bar to nuclear power plant generating energy. All technologies have one thing in common. In other words, they are to promote human development. Technology can bring a new worldview, solve problems and provide answers to questions that have never been answered. In particular, medical technology has brought incredible benefits to humanity. With the advent of new medical technology, society has to wonder about their ethics, and more specifically how they should be used. Evolution by natural selection may no longer have a significant impact on certain groups of people. As technology, medicine and social services evolve, culture may weaken their pool of population genes. Harmful genes have not been removed from the crowd: So we are not "evolving" but "abandoning". For example, diseases such as type I diabetes, asthma or autism increase the population due to advances in therapies that allow children to survive and proliferate, thereby transmitting negative mutations. In the strictest sense, the word "evolution" simply means change. Assuming that this change is positive, it is no longer a hypothesis that we should be made in humans. (6) There are countless weakness in technology and human gene pool technology. From clamshell shell open bar to nuclear power plant generating energy. All technologies have one thing in common. In other words, they are to promote human development. Technology can bring a new worldview, solve problems and provide answers to questions that have never been answered. In particular, medical technology has brought incredible benefits to humanity. With the advent of new medical technology, society has to wonder about their ethics, and more specifically how they should be used. The evolution of human biology has ended. Even though human beings are still evolving, our technical capabilities to change our biology are urbanization, industrialization, and the slow pressure of gene banks caused by selective pressures exerted on humans in the early universe It has a bigger influence. . For beginners, the human genome is rewritten much faster than it evolved. So, in either case, human evolution ended for all practical purposes. But the history of intellectual life on Earth is not so. We humans are in the middle of the path we can not imagine, from our early primate ancestors to future creatures. A wise life does not start with humans, nor does it make a living for us. The first dynamism behind the emergence of intelligence - the biological evolution - is dead, but a more powerful force replaced that position: technology

Technology brings us wealth of information generation. We now have all the information you may need. Overtime, these techniques will find us a variety of positive aspects, whether it has to let us communicate through the crisis that saves someone's life, providing communication. This time, I will focus on genetically modified foods by technology. This may be a consciousness of what we frequently happen, but we do not need to stop and think about it. GM foods are always questioned as controversial topics. When doing things in our daily life, we have the merit and risk of moat. Gene technology and genetically engineered foods are no exception. In this article, we explore the pros and cons of transgenic food and explain why it is one of the best DNA technologies in the 21st century. This determination, that is, these genetically modified food crops may be resistant to pests and diseases. Preparation of genetically modified foods beneficial or harmful to the public MesutÖnalEng 102-95 March 31, 2013 Food research gene transfer study? INTRODUCTION The world is slowly lacking food. Poor people are not on anywhere. Researchers in biotechnology believe that they have found ways to reverse the hunger of the world. This is a genetically modified food derived from genetically modified organisms, these foods. As examples of such organisms, Genetically modified food (GM) food from organisms modified by non-natural methods of genetic material. Introduction to foods Genes from different organisms are an example of the use of genetically modified methods. This type of genetic engineering requires modification, transfer and recombination of genes from different organisms. Genetic modification is said to be one of the most advanced uses of the technology designed so far. There are two general genetically modified foods that are subject to intense controversy and problems. When doing things in our daily life, we have the merit and risk of moat. Gene technology and genetically engineered foods are no exception. In this article, we explore the pros and cons of transgenic food and explain why it is one of the best DNA technologies in the 21st century. Resolution, that is, genetically modified edible crops may be resistant to pests and diseases and comply with these standards Genetically modified food. Genetically modified (GM) foods are modified using this technology from recombinant DNA technology animals and plants, DNA molecules, different sources into a single molecule. The aim is genetically modified to produce new and useful functions that otherwise would be impossible to achieve using traditional techniques. In most cases, there is a small part of the crop, but genetically containing foods are designed to enhance nutrition and drought after correcting their own insecticide and herbicide resistance. Advocates of GM foods believe that they both bring health but also environmental risks. They promised to increase production, improve food security and protect the environment

Introduction Functional genomics has been defined as the use of molecular biological tools to explore gene function and interaction in genomic sequencing data (SERC, 2013). Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and gene expression series analysis (SAGE) are among the techniques commonly used in functional genomics. The goal of transcriptome research is to identify transcripts expressed in the genome. Since the human genome research, EST is the major technology used for transcript identification. Recently SAGE has been widely used for transcriptome analysis. In order to understand the control of gene expression, it is necessary to understand two important concepts. Firstly, gene expression requires a process to prepare transcription, ie messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) copies of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) gene. Transcription can only be done when RNA polymerase first adheres to or binds to DNA. Controlling this binding process is a major means of regulating gene expression and protein is the main regulator of binding. The second important concept is that protein molecules that help regulate binding can themselves be regulated. This usually occurs when other molecules are bound to proteins and the structure of the protein changes, ie the shape changes. In some cases, this shape change will aid RNA polymerase binding to DNA, in other cases it will prevent polymerization of DNA. Gene expression is the process by which genetic instructions are used to produce gene products such as proteins. Our gene has a protein blueprint. Once a particular gene is expressed, the protein will be produced in the cell in which it is expressed. The difference between different types of cells is due to the different expressed proteins. To test gene expression, the Cambridge University team collected blood and tissue samples from 16,000 people in the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere. Several factors were measured, including the type and amount of cells in the blood, and the protein composition of the cells in blood and tissues. In various countries such as Gambia and the UK, several cells and proteins show consistent seasonal variation in different populations. Live cells are the product of a gene expression program that involves regulated transcription of thousands of genes. The gene expression program relies on the recognition of specific promoter sequences by transcription regulatory proteins. How the panels of regulatory proteins are related to genes in the genome can be explained as transcription regulatory networks. We have determined how most transcriptional regulators encoded by eukaryotic S. cerevisiae are related to genes in the genome of living cells. Just as metabolic network maps explain the potential pathways that cells can use to complete a metabolic process, this map of transcriptional regulatory networks is based on the fact that yeast cells regulate a comprehensive gene expression program Explain latent paths that can be used for. We describe eukaryotic network motifs and use networks that regulate gene interactions to show how they can be incorporated into functional modules.

Gene therapy and cancer In 1997, an estimated 38 million Americans were newly diagnosed with cancer (Blaese, 1997). The available treatments can only treat half of them. Many new strategies, including gene therapy, are in the stage of developing cancer. Almost half of all ongoing gene therapy trials are used to treat cancer and experts believe that some of these applications will be used within the next 3-5 years (Lyon, 1997). Cancer is regarded as a hereditary disorder. Several genes that have to be mutated to promote the development of cancer or to maintain the growth of malignant cells have been identified by research (Klug, 1996). In the latest research by J Tupper (2010), HRP is used for cancer gene therapy. Genetically directed enzyme prodrug therapy is a targeted cancer therapy that uses enzymes to convert nontoxic prodrugs into cytotoxins in tumors. Maleic acid radish peroxidase converts prodrug prodrug-N 3 -acetic acid (IAA) and halogenated derivative 5-bromo-AIA (5Br-IAA) into toxic substances capable of inducing cell killing in vitro You can do. ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is a test designed to detect antigen or antibody by generating an enzyme induced color change. For this purpose, enzyme-labeled antibodies specific for the antigen, as well as chromogenic substrates which change color in the presence of the enzyme are required. The amount of color development is proportional to the amount of antigen in the sample. A variety of gene therapy strategies have been developed for treating various cancers, including suicide gene therapy, oncolytic virus therapy, anti-angiogenesis and therapeutic gene vaccines. Two thirds of all gene therapy trials, including a phase III trial of Ad.p 53 against head and neck cancer and two different Phase III gene vaccine tests for prostate cancer and pancreatic cancer, are used for cancer, many of which are progressive It is in the period. . In addition, I am using the new technology and therapy developed in this field, at the academic medical center and biotechnology company, Phase I and Phase II of cancer of the brain, skin, liver, colon, breast, kidney etc. I am doing many clinical trials. Another promising future for gene therapy is cancer treatment. Genetically modifying immune cells to become cancer hunters is a technology that has been going on for several years. However, most treatments are experimental, as side effects may be fatal. For the same reason, destroying the patient's immune system at the genetic level is done only for the most severely affected patients with a limited subset of cancers. Recently, however, using innovative approaches called CRISPR, it is possible to change the DNA in living cells cheaply and safely, leading to the next wave of gene therapy innovation. By using CRISPR to inhibit genes in T cells that suppress immune responses, these T cells can be used to treat certain cancers.

Human Gene Therapy What is human gene therapy? Human gene therapy is a method for treating genetic and other diseases. The use of human genetic engineering has caused many moral, social and safety problems. Gene therapy technology will introduce copies of "healthy" genes into somatic cells. If the introduced gene functions properly, the disease is suppressed. This is called somatic gene therapy because it introduces genes into somatic or somatic cells. The biology of human gene therapy is very complex and there are still many techniques that need to be developed before gene therapy is properly used and require a more fully understood disease. In addition, since gene therapy involves changing the genetic settings of the body, it raises many unique ethical problems. Scientific and ethical discussions on gene therapy began years ago, but the first approved human gene therapy clinical trial was not initiated until 1990. This clinical experience seems to have succeeded as it greatly improves the health and well-being of the few people treated during the trial. However, the success of treatment is temporary as patients continue to receive traditional treatment with gene therapy. This makes it difficult to determine the true effectiveness of gene therapy itself. It is different from the effect of a more traditional treatment. Measuring the success of treatment is a challenge for gene therapy. Research is full of practical and ethical challenges. As with drug clinical trials, the purpose of clinical trials in human gene therapy is to determine whether treatment is safe and effective, how to treat it, and whether treatment is effective. Based on the severity of the disease (if it is a more severe disease, it is likely to be a suitable candidate for the experiment), the feasibility of the treatment, and the success rate of treatment based on the animal model, for the study Select disease. This seems very reasonable. But, if you or your child is seriously ill, there is no other treatment. How objective is your decision to participate in the study?

Gene therapy including viruses depends on the ability of the virus to take over the cells. This virus is like a revolutionary group that begins to be used to take over handsets and make their own copies. It does this by "injecting" its own blueprint into the "factory" of the cell to make its own copy. Gene therapy utilizes this ability to utilize the ability of the virus to inject therapeutic information into cells. This method works most effectively when used to combat diseases caused by hereditary diseases such as cystic fibrosis. In the best case, the virus injects the correct gene into the cell and then replicates (rather than copying the cells of the abnormal gene previously). Eventually, through the medical magic, correct genes can supersede genetic insufficiency. It is not a perfect system. The body naturally hates the virus and tries to destroy them. Viruses must be carefully constructed, otherwise they mutate to cause disease or target incorrect type of cells (if applicable). In general, this virus provides a unique and exciting way for scientists to explore in the fight against genetic diseases. Gene therapy is a promising new field of medical research. In gene therapy, researchers are trying to provide a copy of healthy genes to cells with mutated genes or missing genes in order to inherit 'good' genes. Since many viruses can insert their own DNA into target cells, viruses are often used to carry healthy genes to target cells. However, gene therapy has problems. Scientists still do not fully understand the role of every gene in the human body. A great scientific effort like the Human Genome Project and related projects has resulted in a complete human genome map (all genetic material on the organism's chromosome), but to understand the role and mechanism of each gene further year It will take a month. We will interact with each other. For most diseases, scientists do not know how and how genes work. Furthermore, there is great difficulty in inserting normal genes into appropriate cells without causing problems on other parts of the body. Gene therapy is the introduction of genetic material into cells for therapeutic purposes. Recent scientific progress in genomics and our understanding of the important role of genes in diseases makes gene therapy one of the fastest growing areas of biotechnology and is used for the treatment of hereditary and acquired diseases I have great expectations. Many human diseases are caused by protein shortage or inappropriate presence. The first promise of biotechnology is the separation and production of these natural proteins by genetic engineering and recombinant technology. The protein can then be administered to the patient to compensate for the absence of it. Since proteins can not be ingested orally, biotechnology companies are focusing on innovative approaches to protein delivery and sustained drug delivery. Gene therapy aims to introduce genetic material into cells to compensate for abnormal genes or to make beneficial proteins. If the mutated gene results in an essential protein defect or deletion, gene therapy may be able to introduce a normal copy of the gene to restore the function of the protein. In addition, genomic function can be reprogrammed through this unique technique in attempts to prevent / limit disease and aging. Genes can not be inserted directly into cells. In contrast, vectors called vectors have been genetically engineered to successfully deliver genes. Vectors can be injected directly into specific tissues in the body where it is ingested by a single cell.

Imagine that one day your son and daughter were diagnosed with advanced disease and it is dangerous as long as it is not an experiment that you can try using gene therapy to preserve them. Even if this may not happen, it is a new technology and not funded by the hospital, so if you read this article you can understand it. Gene therapy is the process they use with healthy DNA or stem cells and damaged or infected versions to make them healthy again. The premise of gene therapy is based on diseases - abnormal genes that modify their roots. There are basically two forms of gene therapy, one of which is called somatic cell gene therapy. Somatic gene therapy involves manipulating intracellular gene expression, which corrects the patient but will not do it for the next generation. This is a type of gene therapy currently being investigated in the Human Gene Therapy Institute and other laboratories around the world. Another form of gene therapy is called germline gene therapy, which involves genetic modification of germ cells and inherits changes to the next generation. For technical and ethical reasons, there is little (if any) research currently undergoing germline intervention. Current gene therapy research focuses on treating individuals by targeting somatic cells such as bone marrow or blood cells. This gene therapy is not handed down to a human child. However, gene therapy can target eggs and sperm cells (reproductive cells), which makes it possible to transfer the inserted genes to future generations. This method is called germline gene therapy. The idea of ​​germline gene therapy is controversial. It can protect future generations of families from specific genetic diseases, but it may have unexpected long term side effects, which may affect fetal development in unexpected ways. People affected by germline gene therapy have not yet been born, so we can not choose whether to receive treatment. Because of these ethical concerns, the US government has not granted federal funds for research on human germline gene therapy. Gene therapy has attracted scientists and non scientists all over the world in 2017, but there are good reasons for it. Unlike drugs and surgery, gene therapy changes the patient's DNA. Please know the cure. In an interview with the recent famous geneticist George Church, he predicted "gene therapy will be one of the most accurate and safest mechanisms we have".

When Avery's pneumococcal transformation experiment (OT Avery 1877-1955) was first discovered in 1904, DNA was a transmitter of genetic information. (Baruch S, Huang S, Prichard D, et al., 2005) A number of academic subjects related to genes have emerged. Through them, gene therapy closely related to human life is the most controversial topic. Gene therapy gives us hope for many diseases that we believe are hard to heal before but the disadvantages of genes are death by gene therapy, evolutionary problems due to DNA exchange, review and treatment of gene experiments It is an ethical flaw such as. The pros and cons of gene therapy tells us that with the progress of this technology there are some annoying questions to answer. The hope that it provides is extraordinary. Since we are working to treat some of the most devastating diseases humans are currently experiencing, there may be unexpected side effects that may cause harm than good. Our view on gene therapy is somewhat positive, but on the other hand it is a little. First, we do not believe that gene therapy should be used in situations where traditional methods can help disease. We believe that gene therapy should be the last resort, and the doctor will use it when all other methods fail. Instead, gene therapy should be used to help individuals with fatal diseases. CF is one example. Gene therapy may be their only answer if it can prolong the lifespan of a person or otherwise improve the lives of those without opportunities. We believe that everything is natural and natural. If gene therapy is useful for the survival of individuals, please use it. Otherwise, please leave enough space Current gene therapy research focuses on treating individuals by targeting somatic cells such as bone marrow or blood cells. This gene therapy is not handed down to a human child. However, gene therapy can target eggs and sperm cells (reproductive cells), which makes it possible to transfer the inserted genes to future generations. This method is called germline gene therapy. The idea of ​​germline gene therapy is controversial. It can protect future generations of families from specific genetic diseases, but it may have unexpected long term side effects, which may affect fetal development in unexpected ways. People affected by germline gene therapy have not yet been born, so we can not choose whether to receive treatment. Because of these ethical concerns, the US government has not granted federal funds for research on human germline gene therapy.

In 1996, Don Ruiz and colleagues founded Gene One and competed in the biotechnology industry after discovering genetic technology to eradicate tomato and potato diseases. Because they do not buy vegetables contaminated with chemicals, their innovation has gained popularity from customers. For over eight years, the company has become a $ 400 million company. To keep them growing as well as they grow, their management believes that they should be public; through investment funds, they are working on new research, marketing strategies and advertising campaigns You will receive the funds. In order to develop an autosomal recessive disorder, we inherit two mutant genes, one for each parent. These diseases usually spread by two carriers. Although their health is rarely affected, they have a mutant gene (recessive gene) and a normal gene (dominant gene). Every pregnancy, two carriers may have 25% unaffected children, two of which may have normal (left) and 50% unaffected children . In the middle), there is a possibility of 25% that the affected child has two recessive genes (right) This figure shows how the CFTR gene is inherited. One person inherits two copies of the CFTR gene - one copy per parent. If each parent has a normal CFTR gene and an incorrect CFTR gene, each child has a 25% chance of inheriting two normal genes, the probability of inheriting a normal gene and a defective gene is 50% , There is a possibility of 25% Genetic two defective genes Each person has two copies of each gene and one is inherited from each parent. Most genes are identical, but some genes (less than 1% of the total) differ slightly among individuals. The allele is in the form of the same gene, and its DNA base sequence difference is small. These small differences contribute to the unique physical characteristics of each individual. Scientists track genes by giving them unique names. Gene names can be very long, so symbols are also assigned to genes. This is a short combination of letters (abbreviated as numbers) representing abbreviations of gene names. For example, the gene associated with cystic fibrosis on chromosome 7 is called cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, its symbol is CFTR. Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disorder - that is, two defective genes (one for each parent) are needed to develop the disease. The gene thought to cause cystic fibrosis is called cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator or CFTR. This gene is on chromosome 7. The severity and extent of this disease vary widely among patients with cystic fibrosis. Typically, this condition results in an increase in the chloride transport defect and trauma across epithelial cells and the viscosity of body secretions, particularly secretions from the respiratory tract (ie, the lungs, throat) and pancreas. As a result, patients are prone to pancreatic dysfunction and repeated chest infections

John Knowles' "Independent Peace" talks about friendship between Gene and Finny, two friends who participated in World War II in the year before becoming 18 years old. It began in the next fifteen years, and Gene returns to his Almamata and last year remembered his drama and Devon's growth. That gene is very simple and shy and worried about his scholars. Genes are also very suspicious and concerned about their abilities. Phineas, or Finney is confident, a player or a leader. Everyone likes it, he always has a crazy plan in his head. F. Duckworth Edward Ellison Engel Est Far Fatah Foster Frankel (Florida) Fudge Gabord Gallego Salmandi Graham Grayson Green, Green Aluminum, Gene Grijalwar Gutierrez Hearn Hastings Heck (WA) Higgins Hebrews Nohhorn Da Hui Hoffman Israel Jackson Leege Freeze Johnson (GA ) Johnson, EB Caputur Keating Kelly (IL) Kennedy Kildee Kilmer Class Patrick Custer Lang HR 6 contains science, the space within the COM Mittee regulation, and the jurisdiction of Technical Article X. Regarding you and the committee, the consideration of the building floor - As a result of inflation consulting, commission science, space, technology never seek order reference in order to speed up. Frankel (Florida) Fudge Gabriel Gallego Greenson Green, Aluminum Green, Gene Grijalwar Gutierrez Hearn Hastings Heck (WA) Higgins Hems Honda Hui Huffman Israel Jackson Lee Jeffries Johnson (GA) Johnson, EB Caputur Keating Kelly (IL) Kennedy Kildee Kilmer class Lang Wanlasen (WA) Larson (CT), Lawrence Liley Lewis, Lipinski Ted Lovintal Loebsack Luhan Lowey, Grace Hams Reading: 1 1969 Speeding up and improving the forest management activities of the National Forest Park based on the National Environment Policy Act Exchange of land, land under the management of the legal government agency - Words and tribal land on the re-silience of common land tend to return to lively and fire for related donated land, others For the purpose of. "" DNA microarray analysis of Burkitt's lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) revealed differences in gene expression patterns. The color indicates the expression level, the green color indicates a gene which is underexpressed in lymphoma cells (compared to normal cells) and the red color indicates the gene overexpressed in lymphoma cells. Primary central nervous system lymphoma is most commonly seen in patients with low immune function, especially AIDS, but also in immunological activities. Especially poor prognosis of AIDS patients. Treatment includes corticosteroids, radiation therapy and chemotherapy, usually methotrexate is used

Gene therapy is an experimental method using gene therapy or disease prevention. In the future, this technique will enable doctors to treat disease by inserting genes into patients' cells without medication or surgery. Researchers are testing several gene therapies including: Gene therapy is a promising treatment option for many diseases, including hereditary diseases, certain types of cancer, certain viral infections, but the technology is still at risk and its safety and efficacy Research is continued to ensure sexuality. . Gene therapy is currently undergoing examination of disease without other treatments MedlinePlus of the National Library of Medicine provides a list of links to gene and gene therapy information. The University of Utah Genetic Science Learning Center provides interactive presentation of gene therapy and discussions on several successful treatments for gene therapy. The Genetics Education Center introduces gene therapy, including discussion of ethical and safety considerations. The genome of Wellcome Genome Campus introduces gene therapy introduction and some techniques. Gene therapy By adding gene replacement to the human body, gene therapy enables physicians to use genes to treat or prevent diseases. It first came back to the 1990s with human trials, and unfortunately many problems were not resolved at that time. But now, we are getting closer than ever to prove that gene therapy is a treatment many people dream of. In 2016, Italian scientists used gene therapy to treat 18 children. This is a rare illness called ADA - SCID that is approved in the European market. Although only 15 patients were diagnosed throughout Europe, as these indicators of technology increase, even if treatment is a goal for a small number of patients, the cost will fall to an acceptable level for most patients . Gene therapy has attracted scientists and non-scientists around the world in 2017, but there is a just good reason: Unlike medicine and surgery, gene therapy changes the patient's DNA. It is responsible for the known treatment for the disease. In an interview with his recent famous geneticist George Church, he predicted "gene therapy will be one of the most accurate and safest mechanisms we have". The premise of gene therapy is based on correcting abnormal genes, which is the fundamental cause of disease. There are basically two forms of gene therapy, one of which is called somatic cell gene therapy. Somatic gene therapy involves manipulating intracellular gene expression, which corrects the patient but will not do it for the next generation. This is a type of gene therapy currently being investigated in the Human Gene Therapy Institute and other laboratories around the world. Another form of gene therapy is called germline gene therapy, which involves genetic modification of germ cells and inherits changes to the next generation. For technical and ethical reasons, there is currently little (if any) research on germline intervention.

Mr. James Watson, gene therapy is revolutionizing medicine. The fate that Watson is telling is contained in our genes and includes new technology - gene therapy. Gene therapy has revolutionized the medical world. Many physicians predict that within 20 years gene therapy may alter medical practice from treatment-based practice to preventive-based practice. Advances in gene therapy have revolutionized our understanding of medical treatment and genetic engineering. The speed of development of these treatments is important and development of the next generation is expected to occur in several months instead of several years or decades, as in several previous treatments. Advances in these genetic technologies can affect all aspects of biotechnology from agriculture and animal care to disease. Most of today's treatments use viral vectors to transport disease resistance genes into the body. After injection, the virus adheres to the cell and releases its own genome (whole DNA group) to the nucleus and produces the necessary enzyme or protein to cure the disease. However, there are some concerns with this method. The need to mass produce viruses for therapeutic use is difficult and expensive. There is also the danger of introducing replication viruses that can harm patients already suffering from diseases. Gene therapy is one of the biggest technical challenges in modern medicine. It is very difficult to introduce new genes into somatic cells and keep on making them alive. And there are economic problems. Can the company benefit from the development of gene therapy against rare diseases? Otherwise, who develops a cure that saves these lives and pays for that? In certain diseases, gene therapy is only effective if normal genes can be delivered to a large number of cells in the tissue (such as millions). They have to find the right cell in the appropriate organization. Once the gene reaches the site of interest, it must be activated or turned on to encode the protein. Once it is turned on it must remain on; the cell is too accustomed to shutting down genes that are active or exhibit other abnormal behaviors.

"We now know that our fate is predominantly in our genes." James Watson, a co-founder of the famous double helix structure, said the famous vocabulary. With great influence, on the day of modern scientific belief, our destiny is controlled by our genes. Our genes control our physical statues, our appearance and basically our overall body composition is determined by our genes. Humans are approaching new areas of gene therapy and gene therapy and the way humans enter this field will greatly influence his morality, morality, and the universal acceptance of this newly discovered knowledge . Gene therapy uses DNA as a drug for treating diseases. Gene therapy was originally conceptualized in 1972 and the authors urged attention before starting gene research on humans. The first FDA approved gene therapy trial in the US was held in 1990. This is a 4 year old girl named Ashanti DeSilva who received ADA - SCID treatment. This is a disease that prevents her from fighting infection. Dr. W French Anderson is the principal investigator of clinical trials and works at the National Heart, Lung and Blood Laboratory. Since then, more than 1,700 clinical trials have been performed using a variety of gene therapy technologies. Gene therapy is still at development stage, genetically modified organisms in clinical trials have potential safety and infection problems. All human clinical trials conducted in Australia must be conducted under the clinical trial notification (CTN) or the clinical trial exemption program (CTX). In addition to observing CTN or CTX, any human clinical trial, including gene therapy, must be approved by the genetic technology regulatory body under the genetic technology law of 2000. The purpose of the genetic technology law is "to protect health and safety by identifying the risks caused by genetic or genetic technologies, protecting the environment, protecting the environment." Genetic research Currently, researchers funded by the National Institutes of Health conduct various large-scale genetic studies. The rapid development of gene discovery technology will enable whole genome screening in TS and the discovery of TS gene or gene will be an important step in understanding genetic risk factors. In addition, understanding the genetics of TS genes can strengthen clinical diagnosis, improve genetic counseling, lead to elucidation of pathophysiology, and provide clues for more effective treatment.

Gene therapy Gene therapy is a powerful new technology that can change the future way of medical care. The potential of gene therapy offers great promise for healing and relieving hereditary disorders currently plaguing myriad people. In the past decade many studies have been done to understand all aspects of gene therapy, but there are still many things to learn before it becomes an effective treatment. Although clinical efficacy has not been demonstrated, many gene therapists predict that initial clinical success will occur in the near future. Gene therapy uses DNA as a drug for treating diseases. Gene therapy was originally conceptualized in 1972 and the authors urged attention before starting gene research on humans. The first FDA approved gene therapy trial in the US was held in 1990. This is a 4 year old girl named Ashanti DeSilva who received ADA - SCID treatment. This is a disease that prevents her from fighting infection. Dr. W French Anderson is the principal investigator of clinical trials and works at the National Heart, Lung and Blood Laboratory. Since then, more than 1,700 clinical trials have been performed using a variety of gene therapy technologies. The first clinical trial of gene therapy was done in 1990 by the National Institutes of Health in Washington, DC, and it was done dozens of times thereafter. Until this year, the first gene therapy began at the clinical trial stage and received the first gene therapy approved by the Federal Drug Administration (FDA). Novartis' Kimuria (tisagenlecleucel) approved on August 30, 2017 is a remedy for children and young patients with certain acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). It is T cell immunotherapy, which means that each dose is a patient's own T cell, a customized treatment made using immune cells found in the blood.

Position paper: The science of human gene therapy and the advancement of medicine often involve countless ethical and moral implications. Recent progress in genetics called gene therapy is no exception, it is also a burden of prejudice brought about by new technology. Gene therapy is a very hot topic in the scientific community and everyday life. Every day, new technologies, discoveries, and breakthroughs occur on the spot. The subject of human gene therapy is a controversial topic from the ethical implications related to science. Gene therapy uses DNA as a drug for treating diseases. Gene therapy was originally conceptualized in 1972 and the authors urged attention before starting gene research on humans. The first FDA approved gene therapy trial in the US was held in 1990. This is a 4 year old girl named Ashanti DeSilva who received ADA - SCID treatment. This is a disease that prevents her from fighting infection. Dr. W French Anderson is the principal investigator of clinical trials and works at the National Heart, Lung and Blood Laboratory. Since then, more than 1,700 clinical trials have been performed using a variety of gene therapy technologies. Measuring the success of treatment is a challenge for gene therapy. Research is full of practical and ethical challenges. As with drug clinical trials, the purpose of clinical trials in human gene therapy is to determine whether treatment is safe and effective, how to treat it, and whether treatment is effective. Based on the severity of the disease (if it is a more severe disease, it is likely to be a suitable candidate for the experiment), the feasibility of the treatment, and the success rate of treatment based on the animal model, for the study Select disease. This seems very reasonable. But, if you or your child is seriously ill, there is no other treatment. How objective is your decision to participate in the study? How do researchers judge what kind of diseases and characteristics require gene therapy? Unfortunately, the difference between gene therapy to enhance desirable features such as eye height or color and gene therapy for disease genes is not clear. No one thinks that diseases that cause pain, disability and potential death are good candidates for gene therapy. However, there is a slight difference between what is considered "illness" (such as pygmy chondrogenesis) and "features" which are regarded as healthy people (such as short stature). Even if gene therapy modifies potential socially unacceptable features or improves ideal characteristics, it may improve the quality of life of individuals, but gene therapy may enhance traits Ethicist who worries about that, thereby promoting the increase in discrimination against people with "bad" characteristics

Summary of DNA and gene sequencing Sequencing of DNA and genes began in the mid-1970's. At this point, scientists can only sequence several pairs of genes each year. They can not be placed enough to make a single gene except for the entire human genome. DNA Sequencing Since the 1990's only 100,000 genes have been sequenced in only a few laboratories and the sequencing costs are very high. Since then, advances in technology have speeded up and reduced the cost of sequencing, allowing a lab to sequence over 100 million DNA bases per year. The importance of DNA is very high. The sequence of a gene is like a language that instructs a cell to make a specific protein. Intermediate languages ​​encoded by ribonucleic acid (RNA) sequences translate gene information into protein amino acid sequences. It is a protein that characterizes. This is called the central law of life. RNA is somewhat similar to DNA; they are all nitrogen-containing nucleic acids bound by a sugar-phosphate backbone. How structural and functional differences distinguish between RNA and DNA Structurally, RNA is single stranded and DNA is double stranded. DNA contains thymine, and RNA contains uracil. RNA nucleotides contain sugar ribose, not deoxyribose, which is part of the DNA. Functionally, DNA maintains information that encodes proteins, and RNA uses information to enable cells to synthesize specific proteins. Transcription is performed by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase that copies the sequence of the DNA strand to RNA. To initiate gene transcription, RNA polymerase binds to a DNA sequence called a promoter and separates DNA strands. It then copies the gene sequence into the messenger RNA transcript until it reaches the DNA region called the terminator where it stops and is separated from the DNA. Like human DNA-dependent DNA polymerase RNA polymerase II is an enzyme that transcribes most of the genes in the human genome and functions as part of a large protein complex with multiple regulatory subunits and accessory subunits .

Problem Solving: Gene One Inc. In this article, the author attempts to show how Gene One decided to become a public company. Gene One has entered the biotechnology industry with breakthrough genetic technology to eradicate tomato and potato diseases. With this technology, Gene One has grown into a $ 400 million company in just eight years. Gene One demonstrates seven abilities to become an effective leader, including emotional intelligence, integrity, motivation, leadership, confidence, intelligence, business knowledge. Parallel dot Co., Ltd. It is an artificial intelligence company of venture capital which is developing a solution which has a big influence on the problem of the real society. ParallelDots invests in new AI algorithms for unresolved issues and powerful field-oriented applications for engineering. The ParallelDots team consists of 35 data scientists and engineers ParallelDots announces "Dentistry.AI" artificial intelligence software for clinical deployment in the US to detect caries Problem-based problem resolution focuses on core issues and attempts to implement a solution to the problem without relying on a specific solution. In solution-based problem solving, you define a problem, then define a single solution, then blindly send that solution. Problem-based problem solving is an ideal way, solution base is a good way to fail. The problem we are trying to solve in the block chain is the question of trust. Bitcoin achieves this goal through irreversible and untrusted transactions. Ethereum makes this possible, but it also enables other solutions to trust issues, more practical solutions, and may be more subtle than digital token transfer between pseudonyms. Participation in Ethereum is always based on the idea that its ultimate contribution to mankind will become a universal platform to solve confidence problems. Gene One is a growing company and there are many opportunities to develop further in the future. Through this change, Gene One needs to reevaluate every field of the company and find solutions to internal problems within the organization. Companies have many opportunities for changes that will enable them to achieve the desired goals. An important project is to find the best solution to enable Gene One to achieve its goals and be superior to competitors. We need to consider the proposed solution and other alternative solutions that have not yet been considered (Holmstrom, 1994).

INTRODUCTION Gene One has established an organization that developed genetic technologies capable of eradicating tomato and potato diseases. Genetic technology helped many farmers and Gene One had 400 million successes in its eight year project. CEO, Don Lewis and the Board of Directors (Board of Directors) believe that a new listing (IPO) is necessary to continue 40% growth for several consecutive years. The goal of Gene One is to reach the deadline of the IPO within three years from the start of the process. Linkage analysis linkage analysis is used to "map" (or localize) genes by studying their extent within the family compared to other genes (or genetic markers) at known positions . If features and markers breed together in a family or are shared by siblings, the gene is inferred to be close to marker r. Genes and markers are considered linkage analysis and are classically used for Mendelian traits. For complex traits, use known link analysis types (collectively referred to as basic genetic parameters such as proliferation mode, but do not need to specify that analysis is valid). The basic principle is the same: if you start again - siblings and brothers and allelic brothers, the gene must be close to the position of the marker. When this method is applied to features that change continuously, such as height and risk take trends The term linkage refers to the tendency of genes located proximal on the same chromosome to be inherited together. Linkage analysis is one step in exploring disease susceptibility genes. The purpose of this analysis is to apply the understanding of linkage patterns and approximate the location of disease genes for known genetic markers. Traditional linkage analyzes of disease phenotypes and genetic markers in large high-risk families have been used to locate disease-causing genetic mutations such as the breast cancer gene (BRCA1) on chromosome 17 (Hall et al., 1990). )

Human gene therapy attempts to alter expression or manipulate expression of therapeutic genes or altered biological properties of living cells Gene therapy is a modified human genetic technology to cure treatment and disease. Gene therapy may work through several mechanisms. We are engaged in gene therapy products for the treatment of diseases such as cancer, hereditary diseases and infectious diseases including us Plasmid DNA: Genetic engineering can be a circular DNA molecule with therapeutic genes in human cells Some gene therapy products from viruses to transfer the genetic material of the virus, natural ability to cells, viral vectors. If modified to eliminate the ability to produce viral infections, these modified viral vectors can be used (vectors), possess therapeutic genes for human cells Bacterial vectors: Bacteria can be used as carriers (vectors) that have been modified to prevent the infections they cause and then have therapeutic genes carried on human tissues Human gene editing technology: The goal of genetic editing is to destroy or repair harmful gene mutations Patient-derived cellular gene therapy products: cells removed from the patient, genetically modified (usually viral vectors), then returned to the patient Gene therapy products are regulated by the Center for FDA Biological Product Assessment Research (CBER) biologics. Human clinical studies began submitting investigational drug (IND) applications prior to clinical research needed in the United States. Submit biologic license application (BLA), approved marketing gene therapy products Human gene therapy product management 1 long-term follow-up, industry, draft guidance in July 2018 What is gene therapy? By adding gene replacement in the human body, gene therapy can allow physicians to treat or prevent diseases by genes. This is a test of people over 90 years back to the beginning, unfortunately, when many problems are not solved. But now, we have to prove that gene therapy is closer than ever, it is the treatment of many people's dreams. As with most other hereditary diseases, ADA-SCID is rare and in 2016 it uses gene therapy to cure 18 children, Italian scientists said that this is an ADA-SCID and This treatment is a rare disease called and this treatment has been approved for the European market and only 15 patients were diagnosed throughout Europe but the rapid growth of these technologies and the treatment of patients are Even with a small number of targets, the cost drops to the extent that most patients can afford 2017 gene therapy is gathering scientists and non scientists all over the world, and for good reasons: in another medicine or surgery, gene therapy, patient DNA, we become ourselves, this Change the genetic code - and sometimes bear responsibility for treatment known for disease. Before the interview of Genetics George Church of our recent name, he can program them as scientists say, "Gene therapy is one of the most accurate and safe mechanisms we have I guess it was Abnormal gene - gene therapy is based on the premise to correct the root cause of the disease. Basically there are two forms of gene therapy, one of which is called somatic cell gene therapy. Patient is a representation of somatic gene therapy, of genes involved in the manipulation of cells that modification will not pass to the next generation. This is currently under investigation on the type of gene therapy for research institutes of human gene therapy and other laboratories all over the world. Another form of gene therapy called germline gene therapy involving genetically modified germ cells, changes are communicated to the next generation. For technical and ethical reasons (if any), research is currently rarely undertaken in germline intervention

Advantages and disadvantages of gene therapy Some people think that gene therapy greatly improves the population and is an excellent discovery that brings hope to people with disabilities. On the other hand, some people think we do not deal with God. They believe that playing God has a devastating effect on human gene pools and may lead to misuse. Merriam - Webster 's university dictionary defines gene therapy as the insertion of normal genes or genetically modified genes into cells, which are often used to replace defective genes, especially in the treatment of hereditary diseases. The pros and cons of gene therapy tells us that with the progress of this technology there are some annoying questions to answer. The hope that it provides is extraordinary. Since we are working to treat some of the most devastating diseases humans are currently experiencing, there may be unexpected side effects that may cause harm than good. Our view on gene therapy is somewhat positive, but on the other hand it is a little. First, we do not believe that gene therapy should be used in situations where traditional methods can help disease. We believe that gene therapy should be the last resort, and the doctor will use it when all other methods fail. Instead, gene therapy should be used to help individuals with fatal diseases. CF is one example. Gene therapy may be their only answer if it can prolong the lifespan of a person or otherwise improve the lives of those without opportunities. We believe that everything is natural and natural. If gene therapy is useful for the survival of individuals, please use it. Otherwise, please leave enough space The premise of gene therapy is based on diseases - abnormal genes that modify their roots. There are basically two forms of gene therapy, one of which is called somatic cell gene therapy. Somatic gene therapy involves manipulating intracellular gene expression, which corrects the patient but will not do it for the next generation. This is a type of gene therapy currently being investigated in the Human Gene Therapy Institute and other laboratories around the world. Another form of gene therapy is called germline gene therapy, which involves genetic modification of germ cells and inherits changes to the next generation. For technical and ethical reasons, there is little (if any) research currently undergoing germline intervention. Gene therapy has attracted scientists and non scientists all over the world in 2017, but there are good reasons for it. Unlike drugs and surgery, gene therapy changes the patient's DNA. Please know the cure. In an interview with the recent famous geneticist George Church, he predicted "gene therapy will be one of the most accurate and safest mechanisms we have".

Gene therapy Hereditary diseases have plagued people and have resulted in death. As of 2013 new information and research as well as what is called gene therapy are now expected for these unfortunate people. Gene therapy is a technique used to correct defective genes that cause disease progression. Research scientists are aware that it has been circling for some time and is progressing more with time. Experiments are an ongoing process related to gene therapy. Ethical problems are programs associated with the use of programs. It is suitable for many technical cycles in the medical and scientific fields. I will take gene therapy as an example. It started with so many promises. My sister's high school science fair project in the mid 1980s was called "emergence of gene therapy", but various disappointments that led to abandon it (Jesse Gelsinger of 1999 and a contract of the University of Pennsylvania )had. But many years later, we are here, gene therapy seems to be approaching the golden age. Gene therapy is a promising new field of medical research. In gene therapy, researchers are trying to provide a copy of healthy genes to cells with mutated genes or missing genes in order to inherit 'good' genes. Since many viruses can insert their own DNA into target cells, viruses are often used to carry healthy genes to target cells. However, gene therapy has problems. Scientists still do not know much about the role of every gene in the human body. A great scientific effort like the Human Genome Project and related projects completed the whole human genome map (all genetic material on the organism's chromosome), but in order to understand the role of each gene and its function, It will take months. We will interact with each other. For most diseases, scientists do not know how and how genes work. Furthermore, it is very difficult to insert a normal gene into the appropriate cells without causing problems in other parts of the body. Gene therapy is the introduction of genetic material into cells for therapeutic purposes. Recent scientific progress in genomics and our understanding of the important role of genes in diseases makes gene therapy one of the fastest growing areas of biotechnology and is used for the treatment of hereditary and acquired diseases I have great expectations. Many human diseases are caused by lack of protein or inappropriate presence. The first promise of biotechnology is the separation and production of these natural proteins by genetic engineering and recombinant technology. The protein can then be administered to the patient to compensate for its absence. Biotechnology companies focus on innovative approaches to protein delivery and sustained drug delivery, as proteins can not be ingested orally.

Cloning and genetic engineering - if not broken, why fix it. It is difficult to conduct research on Pro and Con about clones. Because we know little about genes and contain various genetic sciences. As Socrates pointed out very wisely, we must define this theme. It can only be discussed after that time. Obviously, there is a complete clone version which is a complete iteration of existing life forms whether it is a plant, animal or human being. (I completely separate animals and humans for logistics.) We duplicate the genes of sheep A one by one and make accurate copies. Clone, technology of the new era, many people think that it will help the world, but there may be mistakes. Cloning is different from genetic engineering. Genetic engineering is used to solve genetic problems such as heart disease and high blood pressure. Cloning produces a pair of genetically similar cells or organisms. Cloning can help the world in various ways. A person can duplicate a dog with a calm personality and the result is probably a dog with the same personality. The problem is whether the benefits of cloned research outweigh the risks. Genetic engineering and gene cloning are often called the same thing. There are actually two different points between genetic engineering and gene cloning. Genetic engineering is a technique used to transform genomics and organisms and transport them, effectively shaping them into genetics wishes and wishes. Genetic engineering can also be referred to as genetic modification or genetic manipulation (genetics). Organisms that have undergone genetic manipulation or genetic manipulation are called genetically modified organisms or genetically modified organisms. Gene cloning creates genetically accurate biological copies. Another definition that needs to be explained is aesthetics. Aesthetic properties are described as a personal benefit or personal reason for cosmetics without medical problems In the literature, the term "genetic engineering" actually has many synonyms. That is, genetic modification, genome manipulation, gene enhancement, and the like. However, since genetic engineering involves the production of new genes, the latter contains only the production of the same copy of the gene in the organism, so this term should not be confused with cloning. Various food crops and products have been improved to provide better nutrition to consumers. For example, do you know that you can meet your daily needs for Vitamin A by eating rice by yourself? Scientists can create new rice varieties called "golden rice" by inserting the gene encoding vitamin A into the genes of common rice. This discovery is very useful for people's consumption of rice.

Reproductive technology in the United States in 2001 by reproductive assist technology (ART) program 107, 587, 40,687 babies were born (Wright, et al., 2004). In the United States, one in six people has some difficulty during pregnancy, but in the United States 5% (2.3 million people) of married couples are estimated to be actually infertile (Kilner, et.al , 2000; Wekesser, et. Al, 1996). Reproductive aid technology is getting wider and more effective. Reproductive technology A art is a technique for artificially giving birth to a baby. This technology has given hope to many children around the world. According to statistics, in the last 30 years, around 3 million babies worldwide use reproductive aid technology. In this program you can pregnant a couple such as infertile women, men, singles who want to have children. There are two types of clones. Therapeutic clones are cloned cells, organs or tissues. By cloning it is meant to decide or force two cells to replicate to two cells in order to duplicate each other. Cloning can be done intentionally or naturally, resulting in two copies of the same cell, DNA, gene, organ, and organism. Cloning is a common, persistent and controversial topic in today's society. Many people insist Reproductive technology (ART) is a technique used to achieve pregnancy, in vitro fertilization, substitution of fertile drugs. It is a reproductive technique which is mainly used for infertility treatment also known as infertility treatment. It is mainly in the field of reproductive endocrinology and infertility, and may also include intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and cryopreservation. For genetic causes (preimplantation genetic diagnosis), some forms of ART are also used for fertile couples. ART is also used in couples incompatible with certain infections; for example, HIV can reduce the risk of infection during pregnancy

In recent years the ability to clone, manipulate and modify DNA has dramatically increased. The field of genetic breeding now produces various unknown social and moral impacts that are unique to us. Although it is not known that the results of manipulating nature at the primary biological level will have catastrophic consequences for future generations. As a new science, cloning focuses on the reproduction of organisms by asexual scientific methods and creates accurate replication of mother cells. Genetic engineering and gene cloning are often called the same thing. There are actually two different points between genetic engineering and gene cloning. Genetic engineering is a technique used to transform genomics and organisms and transport them, effectively shaping them into genetics wishes and wishes. Genetic engineering can also be referred to as genetic modification or genetic manipulation (genetics). Organisms that have undergone genetic manipulation or genetic manipulation are called genetically modified organisms or genetically modified organisms. Gene cloning creates genetically accurate biological copies. Another definition that needs to be explained is aesthetics. Aesthetic properties are described as a personal benefit or personal reason for cosmetics without medical problems Cloning is the process of making a copy. In genetics, cloning refers to the process of making the same copy of an organism's DNA. Human clones are organisms that involve replicating the DNA of an organism in a neoplasm and therefore have the same precise characteristics and characteristics. A human clone means to rebuild cloned people. Recombinant DNA technology, also known as molecular cloning and gene cloning, refers to the process of producing multiple copies of DNA fragments or fragments isolated by in vitro or in vivo methods. All gene fragments, random fragments of DNA fragments or specific DNA sequences can be cloned. It is also defined as the transfer of a DNA fragment of interest from an organism to a self-replicating genetic element such as a bacterial plasmid. The DNA of interest can replicate foreign host cells Strictly speaking, a clone is the production of DNA sequences or gene copies of the entire genome of an organism. In the latter sense, cloning occurs naturally in the birth of identical twins and other multiples. However, cloning can also be done manually by hypocotyl axonopathy or division in the laboratory. Since the early embryo divides outside the body, when transferred to the uterus the two parts develop into genetically identical individual organisms. However, in the discussion of cloning, the term "cloning" generally refers to a technique known as somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). SCNT involves transferring the nucleus of the somatic cell to the oocyte and removing most of the DNA from the nucleus. (Mitochondrial DNA in the cytoplasm is still present). The oocyte currently being processed is then used to stimulate cell division, resulting in embryogenesis.

"Gene" refers to a unit of genetic information consisting of DNA which is located on a chromosome and can exist in another form called allele (http://biology.about.com/library/glossary/bldefgenes.htm) Say. According to the "environment" of the fourth edition of the American traditional English dictionary: "[environment] is the general situation of the environment surrounding a living being or a group of organisms, especially the social and culture The complexity of community or community. "The impact of two major factors is that children grow into a detailed form with a specific form. How this gene and environment influences child development In this article, we first introduce the influence of this relationship on historically ubiquitous genes and human development interacting with the environment. It provides a brief overview of genetic, evolutionary, genetic determinism, epigenetics, developmental plasticity theory, and "transaction" development model. - Development in early childhood begins with the absence of children until the child becomes an adult baby There are many important elements that can play an important role in childhood development. Many hormones exist in the body during the reproductive process of the body, and these hormones play an important role in enabling humans to grow normally. Spermatogenesis Spermatogenesis is a 65-75 day process in which human male anatomy produces sperm cells. Interaction between genes and environmental factors that affect obesity and obesity of roles of obesity and type 2 diabetes plays a role in the development of obesity and its associated insulin resistance. However, the interaction with the environment can result in the onset of type 2 diabetes only if there are genes with abnormal beta cell function and genes for body obesity. Advances in technology and analytical methods have discovered genes associated with type 2 diabetes. PPARγ is initially identified gene 18 using the candidate gene approach. Since then the use of genome-wide association research (GWAS) has been used, and more than 50 loci are associated with type 2 diabetes 19. In addition, 53 sites were associated with glucose and insulin concentrations, 33 of which were associated with type 2 diabetes, but not necessarily related to fasting and 2 hour glucose 19, 20.

Genetic engineering and cloning On February 24, 1997, Ian Wilmut of Roslin Institute of Scotland succeeded in cloning the genetic material of adult sheep and created baby dolly. As Dolly had only one parent, this discovery quickly attracted the world's attention; Dolly was formed by transferring the genetic material of adult women to their own embryos. This process, called "somatic cell nuclear transfer", means removing genetic material from adult cells and then transplanting into the embryo from which the original genetic material has been removed. Genetic engineering and gene cloning are often called the same thing. There are actually two different points between genetic engineering and gene cloning. Genetic engineering is a technique used to transform genomics and organisms and transport them, effectively shaping them into genetics wishes and wishes. Genetic engineering can also be referred to as genetic modification or genetic manipulation (genetics). Organisms that have undergone genetic manipulation or genetic manipulation are called genetically modified organisms or genetically modified organisms. Gene cloning creates genetically accurate biological copies. Another definition that needs to be explained is aesthetics. Aesthetic properties are described as a personal benefit or personal reason for cosmetics without medical problems The controversial issue in the 21st century is the possibility to apply new technology to generate human clones in genetic engineering. Until now, genetic engineering and cloning have been used to clone plants, unicellular organisms, amphibians and simple mammals. This has resulted in significant advances in agriculture, industry and medicine. A newer technique in genetic engineering has made it possible for scientists to open up the possibility of cloning more complex mammals and cloning humans. Despite the many potential advantages of this technology, the likelihood of cloning humans has caused a number of practical, moral, and religious dilemmas currently being debated in society. Currently, it seems that human cloning is unlikely to occur in the near future. Genetic engineering and cloning play an important role in agriculture. For example, banana and seedless grapes are actually living genetic clones. Prior to the last decade of the twentieth century human cloning was purely the subject of science fiction, but by the beginning of the 21st century researchers have successfully cloned several mammals. In 1997, Scottish scientists at Roslin Institute successfully cloned sheep "Dolly" and began discussing the ethical and ethical principles of cloning technology. Most scientists believe that this process is a repetition of biological material. In the case of Doolie, scientists use the nucleus of various types of sheep cells and transplant them to an unfertilized egg. The eggs then grow into live sheep and spread throughout the natural birth. The result is an accurate genetic copy of the sheep that produced the original nucleus.

Most hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) homozygotes for the C282Y mutation in the HFE gene in patients. However, the degree of penetration of the disease varies greatly. In some patients, penetrance may be mediated by other major genetic mutations with iron. We evaluated hepcidin (HAMP) and hemojuveline mutation in 100 gene Spanish HUT C282Y mutation affecting patient clinical cohort homozygosity group. Pathway direct cycle sequencing and assessment in all patients by HAMP hemojuberin mutation. Evaluation of phenotype - genotype interaction. In 100 cases the only heterozygous mutation found the HAMP gene (G71D) A. Next, we studied several members of the family and we observed a double C282Y mutation that is genetically and some members have HFE gene and G71D HAMP gene mutation. Mutant C282Y mutations such as HAMP gene do not alter the phenotype of homozygous individuals. Presenting a new hemojuvelin gene polymorphism Another patient, the result of iron overload or clinical course without disease. In brief, HAMP and hemojuvelin mutations were rare in Spanish HH patients, and the influence on the group was not significant In 1996, Felder and his colleagues identified the skin redness gene HFE gene redness. Felder, this is the main reason for heritable hemochromatosis, the HFE gene had two major mutations, C282Y and H63D. Next year, the National Human Genome Institute Center (CDC) after the discovery of the HFE gene for disease control prevention and hemochromatosis, has elucidated the screening of the estimated population of today and examined it is still in use. Historically, the term hemochromatosis (hemochromatosis spelled in American English), to refer to hemochromatosis type 1 (or HFE-related hereditary hemochromatosis), which was originally more specifically referred to now It was used. Currently, (without further explanation) hemochromatosis is defined as primary or major cause as inherited iron overload, or from metabolic disorders Most hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) homozygotes for the C282Y mutation in the HFE gene in patients. However, the degree of penetration of the disease varies greatly. In some patients, penetrance may be mediated by other major genetic mutations with iron. We evaluated hepcidin (HAMP) and hemojuveline mutation in 100 gene Spanish HUT C282Y mutation affecting patient clinical cohort homozygosity group. Pathway direct cycle sequencing and assessment in all patients by HAMP hemojuberin mutation. Evaluation of phenotype - genotype interaction. In 100 cases the only heterozygous mutation found the HAMP gene (G71D) A. Next, we studied several members of the family and we observed a double C282Y mutation that is genetically and some members have HFE gene and G71D HAMP gene mutation. Mutant C282Y mutations such as HAMP gene do not alter the phenotype of homozygous individuals. Clinical Mutation of HJV HAMP and Groups Effects on gene expression Spain HFE gene expression in 100 patients with C282Y homozygous hemochromatosis Cys 282 Tyr (or C282 Y) is an HFE gene mutation, associated with most cases of hereditary hemochromatosis. Gene technology showed that this mutation occurs in about 60 to 70 generations, either before or between 600 and 800, assuming a length of 20 generations. This mutation region in the European population distribution shows that it comes from the Viking expansion and proliferation to the Nantes Scandinavian peninsula. Almost everyone in contact with Viking discovered C282Y in Scandinavian, UK, Normandy and Scandinavia, a very prominent time mutation and subsequent population migration, C282Y,

Unlike many questions, much of the discussion about cloning and genetic engineering concerns behaviors that have never been done before. They are unique in that we have never had the technology to carry out these actions. We do not know the result of cloning humans. We do not know the possible damage by changing someone's genes. I do not know what kind of illness can be treated. We do not know the limits of evil that we can release. We do not make full use of the potential we have, so we can only guess about the results of our actions. Genetic engineering and gene cloning are often called the same thing. There are actually two different points between genetic engineering and gene cloning. Genetic engineering is a technique used to transform genomics and organisms and transport them, effectively shaping them into genetics wishes and wishes. Genetic engineering can also be referred to as genetic modification or genetic manipulation (genetics). Organisms that have undergone genetic manipulation or genetic manipulation are called genetically modified organisms or genetically modified organisms. Gene cloning creates genetically accurate biological copies. Another definition that needs to be explained is aesthetics. Aesthetic properties are described as a personal benefit or personal reason for cosmetics without medical problems In the literature, the term "genetic engineering" actually has many synonyms: genetic modification, genome manipulation, gene boosting, etc. However, since genetic engineering involves the production of new genes, the latter contains only the production of the same copy of the gene in the organism, so this term should not be confused with cloning. Various food crops and products have been improved to provide better nutrition to consumers. For example, do you know that you can meet your daily needs for Vitamin A by eating rice by yourself? Scientists can create new varieties of rice called "golden rice" by inserting genes encoding vitamin A into common rice genes. This discovery is very useful for people's consumption of rice. The controversial issue in the 21st century is the possibility to apply new technology to generate human clones in genetic engineering. Until now, genetic engineering and cloning have been used to clone plants, unicellular organisms, amphibians and simple mammals. This has resulted in significant advances in agriculture, industry and medicine. A newer technique in genetic engineering has made it possible for scientists to open up the possibility of cloning more complex mammals and cloning humans. Despite the many potential advantages of this technology, the prospect of making human clones has caused a number of practical, moral, and religious dilemmas currently being debated in society. Currently, it seems that human cloning is unlikely to occur in the near future.

Genetic engineering Genetic engineering is an artificial transformation of genetic code. It is often described as a very accurate way to change the genetic makeup of organisms. A gene is a defined base sequence in a DNA chain which together encode the production of a specific protein. They are parts of DNA that control individual characteristics, such as eye color. Through natural breeding, parents pass genes to their descendants, but new technology scientists can identify a single gene and insert it into another organism and then convey the characteristics of that gene . Today "genetic engineering is a laboratory technique used by scientists to alter the DNA of living organisms" (Kowalski) and "genetic engineering refers to genes altering or manipulating organisms" (genetic engineering) There are many definitions of genetic engineering. Regardless of expression, all definitions of genetic engineering refer to ways to alter the genetic character of an organism. - Science sometimes looks like a myth or a movie. I heard rumors that human limbs grow from experimental mice, tomatoes crossing fish, and pigs sharing human DNA. The crazy part is the amount of change food we eat. This is correct, mutated food not only is the truth, it fills our supermarket. Gene mutations are scientific experiments that can compromise moral and moral principles Human genetic engineering is inherently bad. For most people, the terms "genetic engineering" and "genetic modification" are full of bad meanings - suggesting selfish motives, crazy scientists, and uncontrollable techniques. Not only that, it's just a tool. Even those with a positive meaning like "genetic editing" should call it neutral. Human genetic engineering may be in danger. We do not know any possible flaws in CRISPR / Cas 9 technology, we do not know. Generally, pregnancy and breeding are very dangerous and often cause stillbirth, genetic defects, congenital defects, and the like. For example, if "no hazard" is a condition for making a baby, not a hearing impaired, it is not allowed to bring a baby together. It is not permitted for a woman to have a baby at home without a teacher. Infertility medicines are not permitted. Women aged 40 or older or under 16 years old can not be pregnant. But these are not true Human genetic engineering is divided into positive genetic engineering and negative genetic engineering. In positive genetic engineering, positive features of individuals are being strengthened. This may mean prolonging the life span or enhancing the person's abilities. Negative genetic engineering is to introduce good copies of genes into biological cells. Therefore, genetic diseases can be reduced. In human genetic engineering, human genes or DNA have changed. It can be used to bring structural changes to humans. More importantly, it can be used to introduce a specific positive ideal trait gene into the embryo. Human genetic engineering can find a permanent cure for many diseases

Human Genetic Screening Humans have genes as well as all other creatures. These genes instruct our body to produce proteins that are molecules that determine the shape and function of each cell. Each gene or group of genes encodes the production of a particular protein. What is a gene? The term "gene" was created by Danish botanist Wilhelm Johanssen in 1911. He is discussing the genetic unit Mendel called a factor. Morgan's research on Drosophila genetics has led to the idea of ​​genes as the smallest unit of rearrangement. Given the advances in technology and medicine, genetic screening and testing are becoming more common in our society. The National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) describes genetic screening as "searching for populations with specific genotypes within a population, (1) being already associated with or susceptible to disease, 3) other (NHGRI, 2005) - This research report uses a symbolic, interactive perspective to compare different leadership bias in the workplace. Genetic screening is always controversial. More and more studies have been done on etiology of this disease since the 1990s (Chadwick, 1). Screening brings benefits - the opportunity to see diseases and cancer that may be at risk, and the opportunity to look up personal personal genomes (Tree.com). However, as genetic screening becomes more common it leads to a number of disadvantages. - Sex discrimination in the workplace is still obvious despite equal legalization opportunities. Women have made great progress in terms of labor and are an integral part of the labor market. Because they have more opportunities to pursue higher education, they can gain more traditional male-dominated occupations like law.

By genetics, healthcare workers are increasingly able to identify, treat and prevent more than 4000 genetic diseases and diseases inherited by our species. Genetics is central to diagnosis and treatment, especially in the detection of susceptibility and treatment. By 2025, the genetic condition may undergo thousands of diagnostic procedures and treatments. Genetic diagnosis can detect behavioral trends such as Down's syndrome and certain diseases such as depression. Human Growth Hormone Gene is one of the latest patents granted to the US company Human Genome Sciences (HGS). HGS has filed a patent application covering over 1 million partial human gene sequences. HGS has partnered with at least 10 major pharmaceutical companies to provide access to human genetic information and genetic information. This proves that the opinion of the views of human patent applications as "American issues" has not been proven to be only partially correct. Yes, this is a matter of the US, but it is spreading all over the world. The Flinders Medical Center in Australia seeks a patent monopoly on human cell lines (part of the diagnostic test for autoimmune disease) on five continents There was controversy in 1991 when a single patent application of 337 human genes was made in the United States and in February 1992 the NIH applied for an additional 2,375 genetic patents (Macer, 1992a) . Modern technology can sequencing all 100,000 human genes within a few years. However, since it has not been proved effective, such widespread use is expected to fail regardless of ethical or policy problems. These patents were filed on behalf of the National Institutes of Health, but many of the National Institutes of Health opposed it (Roberts, 1992). Government agencies may allow certain US companies to study these genes to 'protect' the US biotechnology industry from international competition. Particular parts of the genome do not lead to commercialization of the whole human body and do not threaten our respect for human lives and human dignity. Patents or copyrights of individual genes are not harmful than patents or copyrights of artificial body parts (such as artificial skin, blood or heart valves). Thus, copyrights and patents can be extended to specific parts of the genome, but should not apply to the entire genome. However, there may be some legitimate reasons to regulate gene patents and copyright markets to prevent landslide effects. For example, we choose to restrict the sale of human genes for the purpose of genetic engineering alone, prohibit people and companies from acquiring the whole genome, prevent enterprises from monopolizing human genes We may take action Commercialization of Human Reproductive Materials University of East Carolina at Gribeville, North Carolina David B Resznik Medical School

In order to sit in the counselor 's office and wait you need gene screening. You are gazing at the wall, try not to think about what you are thinking and still think about it. Will it be cancer? Whether I have a gene will increase the chances of cancer. My grandmother is suffering from cancer. My two aunts have cancer. Then what about me? What happens if I take this test? The door will open and walk towards the counselor. It is time to understand gene screening. Genetic screening using today's technology is very easy. Is there a need for genetic screening or even indispensable in the workplace environment? Who should access test results? How is the knowledge gathered from the test results applied? In this article we will summarize the two slightly different views on genetic testing at work and identify the differences. I will end my position and protect. First, I summarize the position taken by Joseph Kupfer, who is reluctant to oppose comprehensive genetic testing. His argument is based on the theory of privacy and justice. ; Lowell E. Sve; Liao Qiao Hua; Stephen W. Gajewski and Miriam Marcus Smith Andrew C. Wicks: I will summarize the second position with a group of authors. I'm going to call these writers from here "Wix Group." These authors are only permitted to conduct genetic screening at work, subject to the broad restrictions of the recommendations. Genetic testing and gene screening are two different programs. Genetic testing is a test used to detect the presence of specific gene sequences, chromosomes, or gene products related to genetic diseases. Genetic screening of all populations or individuals not necessarily at risk. For example, if you do not have breast cancer in your home and still want to take exams, you will be genetically screened. This is usually done before signs of illness appear. Genetic testing is a program that can be used to judge the identity of diseases such as Crohn's disease and Alzheimer's disease and to judge how high your disease has changed. You can do this to understand or compare partner compatibility. Perform genetic screening to determine if a person can transmit hereditary diseases even if he or she does not have the risk of developing a physical condition

Terminator technology overview: What is terminator technology? Terminator technology is a reality that threatens the existence of traditional agriculture. In the past, farmers have relied on preserving seeds each year to survive, but when we die, GMO (or so-called GMO) has become a commercial reality and at risk in agriculture. This business investment is undoubtedly the focus of the seed company Delta and Pine Land Company. "Terminator technology" is a term often used by GM critics, and its emotional nature causes fear. Termination technology is the production of sterile transgenic cultivars that are essential to maintaining the seed demand after each harvest. It makes farmers dependent on seed producers, but the increase in production exceeds the cost of seeds. In addition, sterile cultivars have less environmental impact by eliminating opportunities for crossing and consequent transgene expan- sion. FACTS: Biotechnology companies are planning to protect their seed patents through terminator technology. Terminator seeds grow, but the seeds they produce are sterile. The country purchasing these seeds will lose the rest of the agricultural self-sufficiency right away. If you do so, people who can have growing seeds can live their lives in the hands of biotechnology companies. Fact: The increase in the number of herbicides and pesticides above is a blow to this claim. Pollen from genetically modified crops can be transferred to cultivation one mile away or wild relatives. This threatens the future of organic crops. It can pass the herbicide tolerance gene of the transgenic crop to the weed family, which requires the development of more herbicides. In addition, a huge area of ​​the same crop of genes affects the evolution of local pests and wildlife, and affects the entire ecology through the food chain.

Technology and human genome programming technology are changing the way the world functions in widespread ways with unprecedented speed. As we said, scientists from laboratories around the world are decoding the rest of the genome map. One day (even now), according to information edited by GenBank, scientists can discover new drugs, new gene therapy methods, and other precautions that can greatly improve the quality of life ( NCBI ¶ 1). David Smith, who was the director of the Department of Energy said: "This is an exciting and challenging period for biologists. Since 1976, our understanding of how life evolved has changed. As genes become the main idea of ​​biology in the 1990's, there will be a technical gold rush - the human genome project - to find them. So we can see that we do not have sufficient genes to explain the complexities we assume and that the genome itself is full of DNA not composed of genes. Many of these fields are genetic control switches that tell the gene when and where it functions. Some have simply rotted the motivation of the genes, and their function disappeared in time. Following the inadequacy of the Human Genome Project, the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) launched the Encoding Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) project in September 2003. The purpose of ENCODE is to find all functional regions of the human genome regardless of whether they form genes. This initiative shows that millions of these noncoding character sequences perform necessary regulatory measures such as turning genes on or off in various types of cells. However, scientists have determined that these regulatory sequences have important functions, but they do not know what the function of each sequence is and which genes each sequence affects Hmm. This is because the sequence is usually far from its target gene, and in some cases it may be distant from millions of letters. In addition, many sequences play different roles in different types of cells. The Human Genome Project completed the draft of Human Genome in early 2001, which brought about a great sensation. The project was completed in 2003 and the sequence of the whole genome of a particular person was determined. By 2007, the sequence was declared "completed" (one error was gathered in 20,000 bases and all The chromosome was assembled). In the next few years, the genomes of many other individuals were sequenced with the support of 1,000 genome projects announcing 1,092 genome sequencing in October 2012. The completion of the project was achieved. Effective sequencing technology requires a commitment to significant bioinformatics resources for large-scale international collaborative research. Continued analysis of human genome data gives a broad political and social impact to human society

Given the advances in technology and medicine, genetic screening and testing are becoming more common in our society. The National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) describes genetic screening as "searching for populations with specific genotypes within a population, (1) already being associated with or being predisposed to the disease, and (2 ) Disease that may cause offspring, or 3) produce other unknown disease-related mutants (NHGRI, 2005) Although the term genetic test is similar, the risk of hereditary disease is considered high It differs in that it targets only the individual who is. In this article I will explain the difference between genetic screening and diagnostic genetic tests and why this detection is particularly sensitive. In this article we will focus on ethical and social problems (risks) of genetic testing, especially focusing on children's problems. This is a useful introductory article before reading AAP's statement on genetic testing of children. Although it is standard effective systemic therapy, it can be prevented by genetic screening and prophylactic thyroidectomy. Although this cancer accounts for about 17% of all pediatric thyroid carcinomas, the majority of affected families have not undergone "accepted" screening and many gene carriers are found in prophylactic thyroid surgery for children We will delay or reject implementation. Currently, gene screening for medullary thyroid cancer is not sufficient. More than 50% of patients with medullary thyroid medullary carcinoma have a thyroid mass and up to 75% of patients show distant metastasis Genetic testing and gene screening are two different programs. Genetic testing is a test used to detect the presence of specific gene sequences, chromosomes or gene products related to genetic diseases. Genetic screening of all populations or individuals not necessarily at risk. For example, if you do not have breast cancer in your home and still want to take exams, you will be genetically screened. This is usually done before signs of illness appear. Genetic testing is a program that can be used to judge the identity of diseases such as Crohn's disease and Alzheimer's disease and to judge how high your disease has changed. You can do this to understand or compare partner compatibility. Perform genetic screening to determine if a person can transmit hereditary diseases even if he or she does not have the risk of developing a physical condition

Reproductive technology A reproductive behavior is important for maintaining the existence of any organism. In fact, anthropologist Dr. Helen Fischer states in her book "The Anatomy of Love", "The most important thing for human animals is reproductive" (Rutter, 1996). It is the survival of the species: reproductive or extinct. For humans, it is not an issue of extinction, but it is consistent with social expectations. Mr. Fisher pointed out that the man felt the pressure of "planting seeds" and that women thought that motherhood was the only factor of "women", but others pointed out that this is the necessity of human nature's control I think that it is gender Reproductive technology A art is a technique for artificially giving birth to a baby. This technology has given hope to many children around the world. According to statistics, in the last 30 years, around 3 million babies worldwide use reproductive aid technology. In this program you can pregnant a couple such as infertile women, men, singles who want to have children. There are two types of clones. Therapeutic clones are cloned cells, organs or tissues. By cloning it is meant to decide or force two cells to replicate to two cells in order to duplicate each other. Cloning can be done intentionally or naturally, resulting in two copies of the same cell, DNA, gene, organ, and organism. Cloning is a common, persistent and controversial topic in today's society. Many people insist Reproductive technology (ART) is a technique used to achieve pregnancy, in vitro fertilization, substitution of fertile drugs. It is a reproductive technique which is mainly used for infertility treatment also known as infertility treatment. It is mainly in the field of reproductive endocrinology and infertility, and may also include intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and cryopreservation. For genetic causes (preimplantation genetic diagnosis), some forms of ART are also used for fertile couples. ART is also used in couples incompatible with certain infections; for example, HIV can reduce the risk of infection during pregnancy

The engineering design of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is brand new, but genetics as a science field has attracted humans for over 2,000 years. People are always trying to bend nature around their will through selective breeding and other practices. Today, scientists have a deeper understanding of genetics and their role in organisms. Unfortunately, some people are trying to stop further research in genetics, but today's research will help better humans tomorrow. Many of the advantages of genetic engineering include several treatments that were developed for current incurable diseases. Genetics has also opened the door to biological solutions to world problems and helped the body ... Read more DNA is dysfunctional, the cells are many lipids and proteins, cancerous tumors become harmless organic accumulations, which are filtered by the body. DNA scissors may affect things such as AIDS that antibiotics can not be used (Even without DNA, AIDS does not function). One day, the only difference between medical disease and treatment is the analysis of those DNAs. Genetics currently offers a new way to solve common problems in the world. First, genetic research allows food to grow safer, better, and faster without causing environmental damage. Due to the knowledge of genetic engineering today, some food companies are investigating the possibility of producing more food in a shorter time. Through a process called gene therapy, geneticists can alter some of the genetic material of living organisms. Geneticists can add attributes to make crops such as tomato resistant to insects. These features do not require hazardous chemicals such as DDT, which harm the environment, plants, animals and humans. Other improvements include prolonging the lifespan of food after harvest. For example, tomatoes are carefully designed to last longer, so you do not need to harvest quickly. Therefore it is not necessary to spray chemicals on them to change them prematurely. The US has not yet approved new crops, but in some countries it has got great results. The technology and fields of genetic engineering are rapidly changing. Synthetic biology, the next generation genetic engineering technology, requires application of the precautionary principle rather than cost-benefit analysis. Most regulations and definitions focus on transgenic technology that acquires genes from one species and places it in another species. However, new genetic engineering and synthetic biology techniques include artificially creating new DNA, designing new organisms, and genetically "reprogramming" existing organisms. Many companies are modifying the genome of an organism without using gene silencing techniques (eg RNA interference and gene editing techniques (eg CRISPR)) to add genes from other organisms. Today "genetic engineering is a laboratory technique used by scientists to modify the DNA of living organisms" (Kowalski) and "genetic engineering refers to genes altering or manipulating organisms" (genetic engineering) There are many definitions of genetic engineering. Regardless of expression, all definitions of genetic engineering refer to ways to alter the genetic character of an organism. - Science sometimes looks like a myth or a movie. I heard rumors that human limbs grow from experimental mice, tomatoes crossed with fish, and pigs sharing human DNA. The crazy part is the amount of change food we eat. This is correct, mutated food not only is the truth, it fills our supermarket. Gene mutations are scientific experiments that can compromise moral and moral principles Human genetic engineering itself is evil: for most people the terms "genetic engineering" and "genetic modification" are full of bad meanings - suggesting selfish motivation, crazy scientists and uncontrollable techniques It is. Not only that, it's just a tool. Even those with a positive meaning like "genetic editing" should call it neutral. Human genetic engineering may be in danger. We do not

Genetic engineering of high cost human embryonic gene research is related to the human genome and is key to gene therapy, genetic diagnosis, and genetic engineering. To know which genes control what features and what genetic diseases provide physicians a powerful tool to treat their patients at the molecular level. On the other hand, this allows people to manipulate genes to raise specific traits and create perfect babies. Genetic studies of human embryos have two meanings. After studying a practical therapy (testing genetic defects and modifying them), we determine how potentially parents are potentially possible The technology and fields of genetic engineering are rapidly changing. Synthetic biology, the next generation genetic engineering technology, requires application of the precautionary principle rather than cost-benefit analysis. Most regulations and definitions focus on transgenic technologies that acquire genes from one species and incorporate them into synthetic biology techniques, including new genetic engineering and creation of new DNA, new life forms and genetic design I am counting on you. "Re-program" existing creatures. Many companies are modifying the genome of organisms without using gene silencing techniques (eg, RNA interference and genetic editing techniques (eg, CRISPR)) to add genes from other organisms. Genetic engineering or genetic modification uses various tools and techniques in biotechnology and bioengineering to alter the genetic makeup of organisms. Transgenic is a specific genetic engineering process that removes genetic material from plants and animals and adds it to various species. Because the gene sequences of proteins between species are very similar, genetically modified organisms can assimilate and express these transgenes effectively. The process of generating the transgene chooses to first isolate the gene of interest from the donor organism or to purchase any of the thousands of known genes from a number of online genomic databases. Once a gene is obtained, it is usually modified to allow it to function more efficiently or be more readily expressed in the host organism. The gene is then combined with other genetic elements and introduced into a second organism (host) called a transgene. Genetic engineering can be done using various techniques. There are many steps before creating a GMO. Genetic engineering technicians must first select genes that they wish to insert, modify or delete. This gene is then isolated along with other genetic elements and must be incorporated into an appropriate vector. The gene is then inserted into the host organism using the vector to produce GMO. The ability of genetically modified organisms is based on years of research and discovery on how genes function and how to manipulate them. Human beings have been manipulating genetics because the early domestication efforts were around 12,000 BC. After Gregor Mendel discovered the genes and proved that they are involved in genetic tools, they developed a tool that allows them to manipulate them directly. Important advances include the discovery of restriction enzymes and DNA ligase, and the development of polymerase chain reaction and sequencing.

The controversial problem is the possibility to apply new technology to generate human clones in genetic engineering. Until now, genetic engineering and cloning have been used to clone plants, unicellular organisms, amphibians and simple mammals. This has resulted in significant advances in agriculture, industry and medicine. A newer technique in genetic engineering has made it possible for scientists to open up the possibility of cloning more complex mammals and cloning humans. Despite the many potential advantages of this technology, the prospect of making human clones has caused a number of practical, moral, and religious dilemmas currently being debated in society. Genetic engineering and gene cloning are often called the same thing. There are actually two different points between genetic engineering and gene cloning. Genetic engineering is a technique used to transform genomics and organisms and transport them, effectively shaping them into genetics wishes and wishes. Genetic engineering can also be referred to as genetic modification or genetic manipulation (genetics). Organisms that have undergone genetic manipulation or genetic manipulation are called genetically modified organisms or genetically modified organisms. Gene cloning creates genetically accurate biological copies. Another definition that needs to be explained is aesthetics. Aesthetic properties are described as a personal benefit or personal reason for cosmetics without medical problems In the literature, the term "genetic engineering" actually has many synonyms: genetic modification, genome manipulation, gene boosting, etc. However, since genetic engineering involves the production of new genes, the latter contains only the production of the same copy of the gene in the organism, so this term should not be confused with cloning. Various food crops and products have been improved to provide better nutrition to consumers. For example, do you know that you can meet your daily needs for Vitamin A by eating rice by yourself? Scientists can create new varieties of rice called "golden rice" by inserting genes encoding vitamin A into common rice genes. This discovery is very useful for people's consumption of rice.

In this era, anywhere you want it looks like almost everything Children with perfect genes should be proud. Enabling parents to select perfect genes is not too far in the future Indeed, now it is possible to create "perfect" children by selecting some genes from babies. Over the years, a program called preimplantation genetic diagnosis or PGD has been used by doctors who wish to reduce the chances of women suffering from infectious, life threatening diseases for many years. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is a genetic test of cells harvested from embryos to select the best pregnancy embryo or to protect children from hereditary diseases. It is reproductive technology used with the in vitro fertilization cycle to increase the chances of a successful embryo for pregnancy. In addition, gene technology rapidly transforms the field of cancer detection. Most cancers are sporadic, which means that it will happen by chance. Approximately 10% of cancers are associated with hereditary cancer syndrome. People with genetic cancer syndrome have genetic susceptibility to develop certain types of cancer Embryos produced from in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles can be genetically tested prior to transplantation of the female into the uterus. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), preimplantation gene screening (PGS), and comprehensive chromosomal screening (CCS) all rely on innovative technologies for biopsy embryos that later become placenta (part of trophectoderm) . Genetic testing can be used to select embryos that do not contain specific genetic diseases such as cystic fibrosis. Single gene mutation (PGD) and total DNA complement (PGS / CCS) can be analyzed after embryotrophic ectoderm biopsy The genetic revolution changes the nature of medicine. Advances in genetics are based on the possibility of embryo selection by preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) and prenatal genetic testing (PGT) genes, and the possibility of strengthening humans by gene therapy in the future by changing the gene therapy of diseases provide. Genetic medicine has changed our perception of our behavior and personal responsibility, gifts for children, and human identity and nature. Problems in this growing area of ​​investigation include reverse diagnosis and genetic counseling, privacy considerations, gene patents, biobanking, individualization or precise medical treatment, gene identification and gene therapy

In the 1980s (Wikipedia), genetic modification of foods established by Monsanto (a company engaged in agricultural technology) was a very controversial subject. Since then, many other companies have started to change food to avoid the use of pesticides. I define genetically modified foods (or GM foods) as foods that make specific changes from organisms using genetic engineering techniques (Wikipedia). Genetically modified organisms have various perspectives, but we will explore the ideological and ethical perspectives associated with this topic. Over the past decade, GM crops or so-called GM crops have become controversial issues. There are many discussions about the pros and cons of GM food discussion. The two main themes of discussion are profit and risk. The benefits of herbicide tolerant crops will contribute to the potential for new or more viable pests and pathogens that are detrimental to "reduced tillage, reduced soil erosion, yield and" non-target " It is produced by inserting "foreign" genes into microbial, plant or animal technologies. A foreign gene is a gene obtained from a source other than the natural parent of the organism. In other words, if researchers use only traditional plant breeding methods, genetically modified plants will contain genes they will not contain (2) GM foods are always questioned as controversial topics. When doing things in our daily life, we have the merit and risk of moat. Gene technology and genetically engineered foods are no exception. In this article, we explore the pros and cons of transgenic food and explain why it is one of the best DNA technologies in the 21st century. This determination, that is, these genetically modified food crops may be resistant to pests and diseases. Preparation of genetically modified foods beneficial or harmful to the public MesutÖnalEng 102-95 March 31, 2013 Food research gene transfer study? INTRODUCTION The world is slowly lacking food. Poor people are not on anywhere. Researchers in biotechnology believe that they have found ways to reverse the hunger of the world. This is a genetically modified food derived from genetically modified organisms, these foods. As examples of such organisms,

Plants with advantageous properties have been produced for thousands of years by traditional breeding methods. Through repeated generation cross selection over many generations, combine desired traits to propagate. 1 Genetic engineering can overcome the incompatible barriers as well as accelerate the process dramatically by introducing a small number of genes in a targeted way. . Among plant species, the available gene pool size increases significantly Transgenic (GM) plants are plants genetically modified using recombinant DNA technology. This may be a gene that indicates that the plant is not native, or a gene that alters the endogenous gene. The protein encoded by the gene will confer a particular trait or characteristic to the plant. This technology can be used in various ways, such as designing resistance to abiotic stress such as drought, extreme temperature, salinity and resistance to biological stress harmful to the growth and survival of plants such as insects and pathogens I will. This technology can also be used to improve the nutrient content of plants which may be particularly useful in developing countries. A new generation of GM crops has also been developed for the production of industrial products such as genetically modified crops, monoclonal antibodies, vaccines, plastics, and biofuels. In 2007, the world's biotechnology crop growing areas continued to grow for 12 consecutive years with 12% growth rate in 23 countries 5 The main crops are soybean and maize, but cotton, rapeseed and rice are also increasing . However, only 10,000 hectares of GM crops (about 0.03% of world production) are cultivated in the EU, which may reflect that Europe is opposed to this technology . In contrast, food from genetically modified plants is everywhere in the United States. In fact, many of the animal feeds used in Europe come from imported plant material and contain genetically modified products. Similarly, GM cotton is also widely used in clothing and other products. Genetic modification is neither a human health problem nor a practical prohibition in organic agriculture. It is genetic modification which is banned only in the laboratory. For centuries, humans have genetically modified food through practices called mating. It is basically to cultivate desirable quality plants. For example, this is how to remove species from bananas. This is not surprising. As I mentioned, organic foods may sound terrible, but they are not really bad for you. Yes, if you use their bottles to kill pesticides it may be dangerous, but the amount you get with the average tomato is nanogram. As a reference, your body contains more formaldehyde than pesticides. Traditional breeding techniques, genetically modified plants and animals, sometimes accompanied by unexpected health risks, resulted in a record of human nutrition. Genetically modified animals and plants are expected to produce benefits and risks in two broad areas: health and the environment. Four types of health benefits have been confirmed: more targeted health benefits, such as enhanced food security, improved nutritional security, vaccination, and decrease. . Health risks associated with review methods are usually divided into four categories - allergy, toxicity, nutritional imbalance and dietary diversity.

Mapping of Human Genome Vision - In the past, the discovery of human disease genes was a difficult task in the history. Since extensive and thorough research on genetic inheritance and strains has been carried out in several generations of families, color blind genes were found on the Y chromosome in the early 1990 's. As more biological tools emerge, the pace of genetic discovery is accelerating. However, many biological testing methods are still based on centralized manual work. In the second year, the Human Genome Project has started. By 1991, a total of 1879 human genes were drawn. In 1993, Genethon at the Human Genome Research Center in France created a physical map of the human genome. Three years later Genethon has released the final version of the human genetic map. This completes the first phase of the Human Genome Project. In the mid 1970's, the laboratory took at least 2 months to sequence 150 nucleotides. Ten years ago, the only way to track genes was to search the recorded large-scale genealogies of relatively inbred populations such as Ashkinzai Jews of Europez. In this kind of family tree, 11 million nucleotides per day are searched for enterprise customers and companies. Human Genome Project: Completion of the human genome mapping in 2003 has been a compilation of the largest international projects on biological cooperation. The human genome is the complete map of the human nucleic acid sequence or the Chan Zuckerberg initiative, a human cosmetic blueprint encoded in DNA, by studying the human cellular map to map all the cells in the human body I will. CRISPR can be used to edit genes in a number of potential applications, including gene editing, deletion, and modification. CRISPR has unlimited use, from eliminating numerous diseases to making ideal children. The very unique point of CAS 9 is that it is not that complicated tool. CRISPR CAS 9 is revolutionary, but many aspects of this technology should be cautious. Determining the function and gene location of a gene in a chromosome is called gene localization. Recent developments indicate that scientists are mapping maps of all genes in the human body. They named their project Human Genome Project (HGP). Please call me. This can not be imagined. When the genetic code changes, it is called a mutation. The importance of DNA is very high. The sequence of a gene is like a language that instructs a cell to make a specific protein. Intermediate languages ​​encoded by ribonucleic acid (RNA) sequences translate gene information into protein amino acid sequences. It is a protein that characterizes. This is called the central law of life.

Early 1953. Two laboratories in Britain and one in California participated in the discovery of the structure of DNA. At the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, California, Linus Pauling recently discovered an alpha helix. Now he turns his attention to DNA. In King 's College London, Morris Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin were blocked because they could not get along, but it was hot on the street as I was taking an actual DNA picture with X - rays. The most unlikely pair in this game, even a 24 year old American biologist and a 36 year old British physicist, even if forbidden to use it direct, it is close to identifying elusive molecules . Genetic manipulation and cloning of cloned DNA has made several important scientific advances in recent years. Genetic manipulation is a technology to change DNA whether it is a plant, an animal, or a bacterium. For example, seedless watermelon is a byproduct of genetic manipulation. Scientists use this method in many laboratories around the world to produce more advanced medicines and agricultural products. All creatures contain DNA. - The controversy over advertising operations is an advertising operation, can it control or stimulate the needs of the US economy? What advertising is, not a complete battle of advertisement never ends, both ends of the spectrum can only fight statistics, words and opinions of things. Since the establishment of the advertising industry there has been much debate, and everyone has its own view on this issue. Both genetic manipulation and selective breeding are considered genetic manipulations. Because scientists themselves manipulate DNA themselves, genetic engineering leaves the power of manipulation to the hands of man. The ability to manipulate genomic and biological gene expression can be achieved by first developing tools for manipulating DNA and then developing scientists to introduce modified DNA into the genome of the organism . The first step in manipulating or designing new genes is the discovery of DNA ligase and restriction enzymes. Think about creating a modified gene as a super flashy kindergarten collage project; you need scissors and glue. Restriction enzymes are like molecular scissors that cut DNA. DNA ligase is like a molecular adhesive - they can be used to bind DNA sequences together Recently scientists have found an exciting new tool for designing DNA. The CRISPR system has nothing to do with keeping vegetables fresh in the refrigerator. This is the acronym for the latest system for manipulating genomic DNA in almost all animals. Researchers were able to knockout or remove genes, suppress gene expression, and up-regulate genes by CRISPR technology to increase expression. This is a very flexible technique that researchers can use to easily change gene expression to better understand gene function.

Use of recombinant DNA I agree that the recombinant DNA is only useful for some human beings. Between the late 1960s and the early 1970s, a series of rapid and ongoing independent discoveries resulted in a new technology that allows humans to manipulate and direct the evolution of life itself. This is done by the process of gene splicing (recombinant DNA). This process has four basic elements. Dissociating and linking DNA molecules from different sources, gene vectors capable of replicating self and foreign DNA, and introducing foreign DNA into functional bacterial cells. The use of recombinant DNA technology to modify the DNA of an organism to achieve desirable properties is called genetic engineering. Addition of exogenous DNA in the form of recombinant DNA vectors produced by molecular cloning is the most common genetic engineering method. The organism receiving the recombinant DNA is called a genetically modified organism (GMO). If the introduced foreign DNA is derived from a different species, the host organism is called a transgene. Since the early 1970's, bacteria, plants and animals have been genetically engineered for academic, medical, agricultural and industrial purposes. These applications are described in detail in the next module. Molecular cloning is a series of experimental methods in molecular biology to assemble recombinant DNA molecules and direct their replication in the host organism. The use of the term clone refers to the fact that this method involves the replication of one molecule and involves generating a population of cells having the same DNA molecule. Molecular cloning typically uses DNA sequences from two different organisms: a species that is a source of cloned DNA and a living host species for replication of recombinant DNA. Molecular cloning is at the center of many modern disciplines of modern biology and medicine Subcloning is a technique used to produce recombinant DNA. A DNA fragment containing the gene of interest is inserted into a vector / plasmid DNA capable of replicating independently of the chromosomal DNA to produce recombinant DNA. Subcloning experiments can be used to find a cure for various diseases such as diabetes. Diabetes is a lifelong condition characterized by hyperglycemia and may be caused by too little insulin, insulin resistance, or both (Ari S. Eckman). In experimental experiments, animal insulin has been modified for use in humans; the insulin gene is inserted into an appropriate vector (E. coli bacterial cells) to produce chemically identical insulin with human insulin. This has been accomplished using recombinant DNA technology (recombinant DNA technology in human insulin synthesis). Determine the amount of DNA isolated by quantification

Male Drosophila melanogaster (Drosophila) shows complicated sexual behavior to women; these sexual behaviors are only from men to women and not in women. It is inside. The fru gene is spliced ​​in various ways between males and females and may be related to this congenital courtship ceremony caused by male Drosophila. This research aim is aimed at determining whether this fru gene is a "transformation" gene "is necessary and sufficient for man's courtship behavior and sexual orientation." Splicing gene targeting The following sections are based on Drosophila species: Drosophila simulans and Drosophila melanogaster. Courtship behavior of male fruit fly is an attractive behavior. Women react to perception of male behavior. Male and female fruit flies use a variety of sensory cues to initiate and evaluate the spouse's mother's preparation, using congenital and complex behavior. These clues include the following behaviors: Positioning, Pheromone excretion, Following women, Striking feet, Singing, Flapping, Feather vibrations, Genital warts, Bending the stomach, Mating, Mating The actions themselves The Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila simulans songs are widely studied. These fascinating songs are essentially sinusoidal and vary depending on species and species. Recent experiments are investigating the role of fruitless (fru) and double sex (dsx), a group of genes related to sexual behavior. Drosophila brings copies of the two mutant alleles to a useless genetic court and attempts to mate with other males. The genetic basis of homosexuality in animals has been studied in Drosophila melanogaster. Here, the number of genes that can lead to courtship and mating of homosexuality is identified. These genes are thought to control behavior through pheromones and change the brain structure of animals. These studies also investigated the environmental impact on the possibility of fly exhibiting homosexual behavior. Sexually oriented biology has been studied in detail in several animal model systems. In the general Drosophila melanogaster, the complete pathway of sexual differentiation and controlled behavior of the brain has been established in both men and women and provides a concise model of biologically controlled courtship. In mammals, a group of geneticists at the Korea Institute of Science and Technology changed the sexual orientation of female mice by removing individual genes associated with reproductive behaviors. Without this gene, in other female mice the mice showed male sexual behavior and attractiveness to urine. Those mice holding the gene fucose mutarotase (FucM) are attracted to male mice

Since the announcement in 1997, the use of cloning technology is very moving and emotional, since the birth of Dolly the sheep in 1997, the inevitable occurrence of ethical arguments about clones. When referring to human cloning, it usually has a negative meaning and individuals will consider the psychological image of sub-human creatures with a look similar to Frankenstein. This is a relatively misunderstood with new technology and many people are afraid of this idea because the media uses shocking headlines to sell newspapers. On February 24, 1997, the birth of cloned sheep shocked the American people. The prospects for the application of cloning technology in human cloning and genetic engineering are becoming a controversial problem rapidly. It is easy to draw a conclusion that the parties discuss. Many people believe that the use of clones is morally wrong and will be another step in the path of human destruction. Others insist that it is stupid to worry differently and by using this new resource we can solve many world problems. Morality and progress, this is the problem facing people participating in the clone's discussion Human cloning is divided into two broad categories: reproductive cloning, human embryo generation using cloning techniques, preparation of complete human and therapeutic agents. Reproductive cloning requires somatic cells, eggs without DNA, and surrogacy mothers; as a result, new individuals with the same genome or genetic code are born. - Clon Ethics My clone, a junior high school student and a Catholic guy, is right or wrong: The right to use therapeutic stem cells for adult and reproductive clone errors. Reproductive cloning is the fusion of cells from donor to cells by electrofusion and the cells are removed and become embryos. The clone has the same gene as the donor. Biological, religious and moral issues are emerging Animal clones are gene copies of donor animals. Clones resemble the same twins and are born at different times. Cloning can be thought of as an extension of reproductive ancillary technologies that livestock breeders have used for centuries. These include artificial insemination as well as recent embryo transfer, embryo division and in vitro fertilization. Cloning is the latest and most complicated form of reproductive ancillary technology that exists in various forms for over 20 years. The most common form used today is called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Using SCNT, the gene of the donor animal is inserted into the nucleus-removed egg cell and transplanted into an alternative dam after several steps in the laboratory, which occurs like other embryos. (Dam is the term used by livestock keepers to refer to female parents.)

Incorrect work by plant breeding technology other than GMO Introduction In 1997, GM foods were introduced into commercial agriculture in the form of herbicide-tolerant soybean seeds (Farnham, Wang and Wisner, 2000). Over the past seven years, people worldwide have undergone major changes in their perception of food and its production. To discuss the safety and ethics of genetically modified organisms, it is an important issue for farmers, consumers, the government and the world economy. In response to the use of genetically modified organisms and the distrust of many consumers, organic food sales have explodedly increased. Genetically modified organisms or genetically modified organisms are commonly used terms to describe crops produced by plant breeding techniques using specific types of genetic engineering. Basically, plant breeders use genes for certain traits of plants or microorganisms and insert them into the cells of the crop. No, it's not just for fun. The goal is to add "ideal characteristics" to the crop. You will ask, what is the "ideal function"? Okay, just like better nutrition; longer shelf life; resistance to pests, diseases and herbicides; faster growth ... there are some very good things Traditionally, most GM foods are being developed using traditional methods of plant breeding. Common genetic engineering techniques used to produce GMO are recombinant DNA technology and "gene gun" technology. For example, target DNA and plasmid vectors are cleaved separately and then joined together by restriction enzymes. The cell absorbs the target gene from the plasmid vector for gene expression, thereby transferring the desired trait (Carroll, 1993). Agrobacterium tumefaciens is one of the commonly used bacteria for transferring DNA to plants. "Gene gun" injects DNA-coated microparticles into plant cells, which in turn divide to produce whole transgenic plants (Southgate, Davey, Power & Marchant, 1995). Newborn seeds are genetically modified organisms with some features not seen in their native species.

Genomics genomics is the function of genes and DNA in graduate students such as position, structure, arrangement, regulation, function. The genome provides a list of building materials for proteins. (Kerns / McDonald, 2001) Today, scientists are working on identifying each gene of human DNA and sequences of chemical base pairs that make up each gene. This is not an easy task, but in the next few years the world will recognize that the genome is the most important thing since the sliced ​​bread. Principle of operation: SNP genotyping identifies about 0.1% of the entire genome; total exosome group accounts for about 1%. Whole genome sequencing (or WGS) identifies 100% of the genome - this is the same achievement as the Human Genome Project 13 years and $ 3 billion. Thanks to dramatic advances in sequencing technology, approximately 3 billion A, C, G, T base pairs in the genome can be read in less than a few dollars through Veritas and other services in just a few days. The church was created in 2014 Genomics is a study of the whole genome of living organisms, combining elements of genetics. Genomics uses a combination of recombinant DNA, DNA sequencing and bioinformatics for sequencing, assembling and analyzing the structure and function of the genome. It differs from "classical genetics" in that it takes into account the complete complement of the genetic material of the organism, not one gene at a time or one gene product at a time. In addition, genomics focuses on interactions between loci and alleles in the genome, and other interactions such as polyploidy, pleiotropic expression, hybrid vigor (Fig. 1.1). Genomics takes advantage of the availability of intact DNA sequences throughout the organism and accomplishes this through innovative research by Fred Sanger and the latest generation next-generation sequencing technology. While the main areas of genomics are still sequencing the genome of various organisms, genome-wide knowledge opens up the possibility of functional genomics, mainly including patterns of gene expression under various conditions. The most important tools here are microarray and bioinformatics. Structural genomics attempts to describe the three-dimensional structure of each protein encoded by a given genome. This genome-based approach allows high throughput structure determination methods by a combination of experimental and modeling methods. The main difference between structural genomics and traditional structural prediction is that structural genomics attempts to determine the structure of each protein encoded by the genome, rather than focusing on specific proteins.

Science is a research field that develops over time and has new discoveries. New medical research, such as influenza vaccine which is changed each year to protect the American population from influenza, is constantly being improved. As adventure enters the unknown world, people are worried that science is overkill. Furthermore, the natural path of not losing human body and life is the fear of genetic testing. I believe that other people will greatly improve the use of genetic testing for society. One of the things I've noticed over the years is the ability to map the human genome. By looking at human DNA, you can understand how much data is amazing. In the future, scientists will be able to know where each gene is located in each person's characteristics. Scientists will then be able to change these genes, to make them better, and to carry out medicine and gene therapy to remove them all. Imagine you can prevent multiple sclerosis from the beginning. There is already an ongoing gene therapy to help children grow higher. They discovered that by taking this treatment, children could grow by 5 inches even if they did not take it. This is not a treatment for ordinary children, it is treatment for growth retardation by poor genetics. Developing these gene therapy methods can lead to several difficult problems. The long-term philosophy of gene therapy is that humans may be perfect without DNA defects Human Genome Project: Completion of the human genome mapping in 2003 has been a compilation of the largest international projects on biological cooperation. The human genome is the complete map of the human nucleic acid sequence or the Chan Zuckerberg initiative, a human cosmetic blueprint encoded in DNA, by studying the human cellular map to map all the cells in the human body I will. CRISPR can be used to edit genes in a number of potential applications, including gene editing, deletion, and modification. CRISPR has unlimited use, from eliminating numerous diseases to making ideal children. The very unique point of CAS 9 is that it is not that complicated tool. CRISPR CAS 9 is revolutionary, but many aspects of this technology should be cautious.