Women’s Employment

Many studies have confirmed that women receiving higher education are more likely to participate in the labor market. However, the influence of education on the employment of women has various backgrounds. In a recent analysis, Nadia Steiber, Caroline Berghammer, and Barbara Haas analyzed the factors and causes of employment education in different women, and how children's existence and age change.

To conduct this study, the authors examined 13,718 hetero couples including women aged 20 to 45 from Austria, France, Germany, Hungary, and Norway.

Their overall results confirm that women are less likely to be hired in the presence of children (influence of children) and couples with lower education level (educational effect). However, these two impacts vary from country to country. In Austria, Germany, Hungary, there seems to be a strong child influence. When a baby is present, the rate of women's employment is very low, and as children grow, the rate of women's employment gradually increases. By contrast, in France and Norway, even with young children there is a tendency for the double income agreement to dominate that full-time work of both partners is dominant (Figure 1).

Regarding the effect of education, it turned out that this effect varies depending on the age and existence of children, the state of the country. In a couple with babies, France is the most educated country, but in Austria, Germany and Hungary, women with low educational background and highly educated will not function if the child is under 3 years old small). In the face of children of older age, Hungary has the greatest educational effect following Austria and Germany, Norway and France. Overall, the results suggest that family policy to promote employment of childbirth helps children's influence and the impact of education on women's employment at this stage of the family life cycle.

* PopDigest is funded with funding agreement number 320116 for research project Families And Societies by EU's 7 th Framework Program (FP 7 / 2007-2013). The purpose of family and community (www.familiesandsocieties.eu) is to investigate the diversity of European family style, human relations, life course, to evaluate the compatibility of existing policies and these changes, to develop policies based on evidence It is to contribute to development. The alliance connects 25 major universities and research institutions and 15 multinational civil society organizations in 15 European countries.

Between 1975 and 1995, between 1975 and 1995, the total number of employees and the proportion of female employment changed. Changes and Changes in the Employment Ratio among Women from 1975 to 1995. Changes in total employment rate and employment ratio of women by occupation from 1975 to 1995 1. Chart 1. Chart 1. Chart 1. Chart 1

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In the early 1960s, the employment patterns of women in the four countries were very similar. In Germany, Denmark, France and the UK, the employment curve is a pattern of discontinuous activity behind a camel and the employment rate of women aged 25-49 declined to about 40%. Thirty years later, these countries have developed in various ways. The Danish and French curves are inverted U shaped, showing a pattern of continuous employment. In Denmark, this development has been done on a regular and regular basis since 1960. In France, it developed rapidly since 1968. More and more women are participating in the labor market in both countries, and continuous employment is the standard. In Germany and the UK, the shape of the curve maintains two peaks, but the UK employment rate has risen sharply and the German employment rate is low.