What is Charles' law?

Theodore G. Lindeman, Professor and Chair of the Department of Chemistry at the University of Colorado at Colorado Springs offers this description:

The physical principle known as Charles' law states that the volume of gas is equal to a constant value multiplied by that temperature measured in Kelvin scale (zero Kelvin corresponds to -273.15 degrees Celsius) .

The name of the law respects the pioneering balloon Jacques Charles who experimented in 1787 on how gas quantity depends on temperature. Ironically, Charles has never published a work he remembers, and it is not the first or last work that discovered this. Indeed, Guillaume Amontons conducted the same type of experiment 100 years ago, in 1808 Joseph Gay-Lussac made clear measurements and announced the results that each gas he tested showed this generalization did.

Surprisingly, these scientists have discovered all kinds of gases, so dozens of different substances should behave in the same way. The interpretation acknowledged by James Clerk Maxwell around 1860 is that the amount of space occupied by gas is completely dependent on the movement of gas molecules. Under typical conditions, the gas molecules are far away from their neighboring molecules and their own volumes are negligible since they are so small. They simply push the surface at high speed to push the flask or piston or balloon. With helium balloons, about 1024 miles (100 billion) helium atoms per second are equivalent to 1 square centimeter of rubber.

The speed and frequency with which gas molecules are ejected from the container wall depends on the temperature. That's why hotter gas gets more violently approaching the wall (higher pressure) or occupying a larger volume. Space) molecule). Specifically, when doubling the Kelvin temperature of the gas sample that is just included, the number of collisions per unit area per unit area increases with the square root of 2, and on average the momentum of these collisions is the square root Increase. In other words, the net effect doubles when the container is not stretched, and doubles if the container does not expand due to expansion of the container.

Therefore, Charles' law describes how to obtain enough light for the hot air balloon to float, why convection in the atmosphere is prevented by temperature inversion, and how the gas sample functions as an absolute temperature gauge It can be said.

Charles 'law was originally enacted by Joseph Louis Gay - Roussac in 1802, but he was attributed to Jack Charles' unpublished work. If the pressure is the same, the volume of the gas is proportional to its absolute temperature. Absolute temperature is always 273 Kelvin higher than Celsius

An ideal gas is a gas physically fitting a specific ideal relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature. The ideal gas law is a generalization including Boyle's law and Charles's law as a special case, and for a given amount of gas, the product of volume V and pressure P is proportional to absolute temperature T indicate. Here, k is a constant. The relationship of this substance is called its state equation and it is enough to explain its overall behavior.

In the 18th century, a physicist, Charles Coulomb, later defined the amount of electricity called coulomb and determined the method of force between charges called Coulomb's law. Coulomb's law resembles the law of gravity because the force is inversely proportional to the square of the charge and proportional to the charge product. By the end of the eighteenth century, we judged that if electric charges were isolated from the surrounding environment, they could be stored in electrical conductors. The first of these devices is Leyden Jar. It consists of a glass vial partially filled with metal foil, the top of which is closed with cork stuck with wire or nail. To charge the can, the exposed end of the wire is in contact with the friction device.

The unit of charge measurement is Coulomb (C) named after the French physicist Charles Augustin Coulomb of the 18th century. Coulomb enacted the law "to repel like a complaint; it is not like a complaint." Coulomb is defined as the amount of charge transferred per second at a current of 1 ampere. According to HyperPhysics, this seems to be a small part. "Charging two coulombs one meter away will be mutually exclusive with about one million tons of electricity!" Electrical technicians prefer to use larger units for charging. , Ampere hour, 3,600 degrees Celsius