What are antibiotics made of?

Most antibiotics are based on natural products synthesized by bacteria and fungi. Quinolones (such as Cipro) and sulfonamides (such as sulfamethoxazole) are the main exceptions to this rule.

Antibiotics belong to the class of natural compounds called secondary metabolites. These molecules are not essential for normal growth and metabolism (sugars, amino acids, nucleic acids etc.), but have special effects. For secondary metabolites, organisms that can not move or talk can communicate, control the environment, and protect themselves.

When making complex molecules, bacteria, plants and fungi are far superior to human chemists. These biosynthesis are usually performed in large enzyme complexes in which intracellular plants, ie various precursors and intermediates, are assembled, modified and delivered.

Complete synthesis of vancomycin has been done in the laboratory but I think that it is still being produced commercially by Amycolatopsis orientalis bacteria which was first isolated from fermentation.

It is important to pay attention to these secondary metabolites. Any substance produced by enzymes can be degraded by enzymes - usually the same as the material from which it is produced. If these enzymes are slightly adjusted or simply placed in different environments antibiotics may be broken down. Therefore antibiotic resistance is an inevitable feature inherent in the use of antibiotics.

The story of 'incurable gonorrhea' has become the headline of this week. However, antibiotic resistance is not a new phenomenon. Like other organisms, bacteria eventually will inevitably learn to fight common antibiotics. The use of antibiotics in Nigeria exacerbates this problem for the following reasons: Prostate cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in men. Prostate cancer usually proliferates slowly, it is initially confined to the prostate and may not cause serious injury. Certain types of prostate cancer grow slowly and may require little or no treatment, but other types of invasion spread rapidly

Antibiotic abuse, also called antibiotic abuse or excessive antibiotic use, refers to the abuse or overuse of antibiotics that can have serious health effects. This is a factor that contributes to the occurrence of antibiotic resistance, including the production of multidrug resistant bacteria informally known as "super bug". Bacteria that are relatively innocuous (staphylococci, enterococci, acinetobacter, etc.) can be produced more. Resistance to antibiotics and cause of life-threatening infection

The discovery of antibiotics against bacterial infections is considered one of the most important advances in medical history. Unfortunately, bacteria are highly adaptable and overuse of antibiotics has made many bacteria resistant to antibiotics. This causes serious problems, especially in hospital environments. Vaccines have been developed since the beginning of the 20th century. This vaccine has greatly reduced the number of new cases of viral diseases such as polio, measles, varicella. In addition, this vaccine can prevent infectious diseases such as influenza, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, human papillomavirus (HPV).

Antibiotics are used in the manufacture of several vaccines to prevent the growth of bacteria and contaminate the vaccine. However, antibiotics (penicillins, cephalosporins, sulfonamides, etc.) that usually cause allergic reactions are not used in vaccines. Trace amounts of five antibiotics are included in several vaccines used in the UK. These are neomycin, streptomycin, polymyxin b, gentamicin and kanamycin. Those known to be allergic to any of these antibiotics should consult experts before vaccinating these vaccines.