Voluntary and Involuntary Minority communitites

John Ogbu, an anthropologist at the University of California at Berkeley, thinks that not all ethnic minority groups face the same task with regard to American education. He said: "What children brought to school - their understanding of community culture models and" social reality ", and their education, strategy and school for their families, their community, these The factor is equally important "(Ogbu 5 1988).

The important difference from Ogbu is that similar immigrants who chose to emigrate to improve their happiness as well as "spontaneous minorities" similarly entered into society through slavery, conquest and colonization It is voluntary minority. . He believes that voluntary minorities and involuntary minorities have a very different understanding of the meaning of minorities. This is the historical experience of integration into society and the result of cultural adaptation to the treatment they receive. Advantage Group Spontaneous immigrants that are discriminated and eliminated because they use their own country or culture as a standard framework are mainly not based on other American white standards but judge their success with their hometown standards I will. (Ogbu, 1990: 8)

The distinction between Ogbu's voluntary minorities and non-voluntary minorities has been developed by analyzing ethnographic research of minority groups of public schools, but how minority groups respond to violence and the criminal justice system Extend the theory to analyze. Voluntary minorities and non-voluntary minorities show different reactions to ethnic violence incidents. This is different from the case of the dominant Caucasian group. These three different types of reactions will depend, in part, on the group's historical experience and the meaning of the group members for individuals. Non-voluntary immigration treats discrimination and violence systematically, the criminal justice system is regarded as distrust and is suspected to be part of systematic institutional racial discrimination leading to violence

The status of ethnic minorities plays an important role in the educational experience of minority schools. The minority groups other than white people are divided into voluntary minority groups and involuntary minority groups. These differ due to the influx to the United States into the group. Voluntary minorities are immigrants coming to the US to seek better social, economic and political opportunities such as China and Punjab Indians. Optimism about education and career prospects is reflected in expectations for parents' children. However, it is necessary to note that past students from voluntary minorities are better performing and valuable than locally born generation and future generations of the same group. Non-voluntary minorities are people from the United States, such as Native Americans and African Americans, and those who joined the United States contrary to their will.