Use of White-Rot Fungi

Fungal laccase has a molecular weight in the range of 50 to 70 kDa and an isoelectric point of pH 3 to 5 (Hofrichter, 2002; Baldarian, 2005; Kullikova et al., 2011). 3.3.1 Laccase mediated reaction The laccase active site contains T1 copper (Cu), T2 and two T3 copper atoms bonded as a single core. These three T2 and T3 Cu atoms form trinuclear centers. In dormant enzymes, it is possible that all four Cu atoms are present in the Cu + 2 state (Morozova et al., 2007; Aehle, 2007). A typical reaction of laccase is the oxidation of phenolic compounds and the accompanying reduction of molecular oxygen to water.

Laccase is produced by white rot fungi used to break up aromatic polymers found in lignin - lignin - all plant material. Laccase is a copper-containing enzyme that is oxidized by oxygen and oxidatively degrades various kinds of molecules such as oxidized dye pigments. Over the past 20 years intensive research has been conducted to apply many different enzymes in the pulp and paper industry. The main use is the use of xylanase in wood pulp bleaching. Xylanase releases lignin fragments by hydrolyzing residual xylan. This greatly reduces the need for chlorine bleach. Other secondary enzyme applications in pulp making involve the use of enzymes to remove particulates from the pulp. This helps to remove moisture. When secondary (recycled) cellulosic fibers are used, removal of ink is important. Dilute to 1% concentration of water with water, add cohesive surfactant and ink solvent, and let the mixture inflate

Cellulose and hemicellulose are rapidly degraded by fungi and bacteria and have a half-life of 12 to 18 days in a temperate climate. Brown rot fungi may decompose cellulose and hemicellulose and leave lignin and phenolic compounds. Starch is a plant energy storage system that undergoes rapid degradation of bacteria and fungi. Lignin consists of 500 to 600 units of polymer with a highly branched amorphous structure. Lignin undergoes very slow decomposition mainly of white rot fungi and actinomycetes; its half-life under temperate conditions is about 6 months.

Most fungi are related to plants such as humic substances and degradable substances. These fungi break down various organic matter including wood and other kinds of plant materials. Wood mainly consists of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Lignin is a complex polymer that is very resistant to degradation and can encapsulate more readily degradable cellulose and hemicellulose. Fungi are one of the few organisms that can effectively decompose wood and are divided into two major types: brown and white rot fungus. Brown rot fungus selectively decomposes cellulose and hemicellulose in wood, leaving stubborn lignin. The decaying wood is brown, and due to the fragility of the remaining lignin, cubic cracks are often generated (Fig. 4). Only about 10% of wood-rotting fungi cause brown spoilage, and most (80%) of these fungi occur in coniferous trees. Brown spoil residue has strong resistance to decomposition and can be stored in soil up to 300 years. Five). 2003)

Charles, L. M., C. R. Little and C. M. Stiles. 2012 Introduction of fungus Plant health instructor DOI: 10.1094 / PHI-I-2012-0426-01