Understanding the Y Chromosome

The Y chromosome is the smallest chromosome of the karyotype, one of the two sex chromosomes. In 1905, Nettie Stevens discovered that the Y chromosome is a sex chromosome and a study on Tenebrio molitor was done. He also suggested that chromosomes are always paired. In 1890, Hermann Henking discovered that the Y chromosome is a pair of X chromosomes. When viewed under a microscope, all chromosomes usually take a definite shape during mitosis. For all chromosomes, this form is fuzzy X shape.

Scientists use two forms of DNA to understand different generations. The Y chromosome is handed out only from my father to my son. With the Y chromosome, scientists can track their paternity. In addition, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is inherited from mother to child, scientists can track mother's lineage. Both Y chromosomal DNA and mtDNA undergo harmless mutation and become a genetic marker for a particular population. Scientists can look for mutations in different groups if the type of person's movement is different and the fossil age is displayed in these groups (US Department of Energy Genome Project, 2010).

In biology, the most common generic ancestors are generally referred to as Y chromosome Adam and mitochondria, respectively, when Y strains are used to track male strains and mitochondrial DNA for female strains. Even if names are borrowed from Tanakh, they will not be diverted from couples of the same age. John Milton's "Paradise Lost" is a famous epic of the 17th century, exploring the story of Adam and Eve in a very detailed way and describing in detail. In contrast to Adam in the Bible, Adam of Milton saw the future of humanity before the angel Michael before he had to leave the heaven.

Let's first examine the origins of sex chromosome evolution from about 200 to 300 million years ago. Both the X chromosome and the Y chromosome originated from autosomes, originally almost the same size. At a certain point in this process, the Y chromosome gradually lost its ability to recombine and exchange genetic information with the X chromosome and began to evolve independently. This immediately resulted in catastrophic deterioration of the Y chromosome. And it now only contains 3% of the gene once shared with the X chromosome.

For those who need a brief review of human genetics, both male and female have 46 chromosomes and 2 sex chromosomes. Females have two X chromosomes, and men have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. The male Y chromosome causes testicular formation (because the Y chromosome is predominant). This difference in chromosomes also leads to changes in hormones found in the body. For example, women have far higher levels of estrogen and progesterone. And it stimulates the body to produce major minor sexual features (chest, menstruation etc). On the other hand, the level of male testosterone is much higher than that of women. These genetic control factors bring about physiological and physiological differences between men and women, but this is the end of the story.