THE SENSES - A PRIMER

The sound enters the system through the ear canal of 1 inch in length ending with the tympanic membrane (eardrum). The vibration represents a very complex response to pressure change. A series of small bones (small bones) of the middle ear expands these vibrations and transmits them to the cochlea of ​​the inner ear. A tube filled with liquid is rounded like a snail shell

Cochlear hair cells are the receptors of the auditory system. The movement of the membrane lining the cochlea stretches the tip of the hair cell allowing for the influx of K + and Ca + 2 ion charged particles, which accumulate and generate electrical signals to the auditory nerve fibers. The frequency of each hair cell response depends on the location within the cochlea

Auditory signals pass through the mesencephalic region into the temporal auditory cortex of the temporal lobe

Direct connection helps to respond quickly and loudly. For example, other paths allow processing of routing signals from both ears.

After the primary auditory cortex, the signal is divided into streams that find and analyze what we heard. The latter includes the Vernonke region in the dominant hemisphere indispensable for language comprehension and the right hemisphere region for handling the speech emotions.

Hearing is the first device used instead of an inactive receptor. By 2010, approximately 219,000 people receive a cochlear implant to restore hearing function by direct stimulation of the auditory nerve

To amplify the sequence interposed between G1 and L1, a sense PCR primer (Glycoplus 2; Table 1) at the 39 terminus of the Gl sequence was used for Titan RT-PCR in which the primer TaVCV2 is located in the L1 sequence did. TaVCV virion RNA was used as a template and the reaction mixture was established as described above. The reaction mixture was incubated at 42 ° C. for 30 minutes, denatured at 94 ° C. for 2 minutes and then subjected to 10 cycles: 94 ° C. for 30 seconds, 45 ° C. for 30 seconds and 68 ° C. for 2 minutes, followed by 35 ° C. at 94 ° C. . UC length 30 seconds, UC length of 50 30 seconds, UC length of 68 2 minutes, 68 The last extension at the University of California continued for 10 minutes. Purification, cloning and sequencing of the aforementioned amplicons

Reaction buffer, 1 mM dNTP, 20 pmol each primer and 0 - 5 ml Titan polymerase mixture. The reaction was incubated at 42 ° C. for 30 minutes, denatured at 94 ° C. for 2 minutes and subjected to 35 cycles of 94 ° C. for 30 seconds, 55 ° C. for 30 seconds and 68 ° C. for 2 minutes and finally extended to 68 ° C. It was. Amplicons were separated by 2% TAE / agarose gel electrophoresis at 10% and purified using a QIAX II (Qiagen) gel extraction kit. The amplicon was ligated into the pGEM-TE vector and the plasmid was cloned into E. coli JM 109 cells, purified and sequenced.

Primer design method The main goal to be aware of when designing primers is specificity. Each member of the primer must stably anneal to the target sequence in the template DNA. The longer the primer, the higher its specificity. Unfortunately, the longer the primer is, the less likely it is to anneal to a particular sequence of template DNA. Conversely, if the length of the primer is short, it may anneal, but its specificity is low. A compromise is achieved by designing primers 20 to 25 nucleotides in length. Including fewer than 17 nucleotides usually results in nonspecific annealing, although the presence of more than 25 nucleotides may not allow annealing at all.