The Pandemic of Influenze

Since 1997, the H5.N1 virus has been infected with humans. We all know that this virus is made up of 16 genes. These viruses are used in the genome of birds such as ducks. These animals are considered to be the natural host of these viruses. In other words, the immune system of the bird recognizes the virus as a normal body. According to journalist Debora Mackenzie, before 2003, this virus began to spread in the poultry farm of East Asia.

The plague consists of three major pandemics in the history of humankind in recent years; the first pandemic (starting from the Justinian pest of the AD AD 541, Europe and the Middle East in the 6 th and 8 th centuries), the second pandemic (14 th - 19 th century In Europe, North Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia, it started from Black Death in 1346, the third epidemic (from the 18th century to the end of the 20th century, the whole world). Even today, this disease is caused by wild animals It is still prevalent in teeth, especially semiarid deserts in the Central Asia and western part of the United States and in alpine grasslands.In previous publications, the plague between the pest epidemic in Central Asia and the second plague epidemic to Europe We examined the relevance to the introduction possibility.

Yersinia pestis is the causative agent of the disease and caused three historic epidemics. This includes the third pandemic of the 19th and 20th centuries, the spread of plague all over the world, and the second pandemic of the 14th and 17th centuries (such as the notorious epidemic black death) I will. Previous research confirmed that Yersinia caused two most recent epidemics. However, there is still a hot debate as to whether Pestopst caused the so-called Justin Pest in the 6th - 8th centuries. By analyzing the ancient DNA at two independent ancient DNA laboratories, we have unequivocally confirmed that the presence of Yersinia DNA in the human bone remains from the early medieval cemetery. In addition, we have investigated the phylogenetic location of the strain, in particular between the nodes N 03 and N 05, The main branch of the pestis line was reduced to 0.

Yersinia pestis DNA from bone remains from AD in the sixth century and reveals insight into the Justinian plague

Ancient DNA analysis revealed the involvement of the bacterial pathogen Yersinia pestis in several historic epidemics, including the second plague epidemic (Europe, dark death from the mid-14th and mid-18th century) . Here, the reconstructed Yersinia genome from the victim of Black Death plague, and the subsequent two historical outbreaks in Europe and its surroundings, Barcelona, ​​Spain (1300-1420 cal), Russia, Borga indicate. (AD 1362-1400), and Ellwangen, Germany (1485-1627 cal). Our findings are (1) a single invasion of plague bugs in Europe during Black Death, (2) a plague to Asia that caused epidemics in the modern world, and (3) the existence of plague of Europe . Historical focus is on the outbreak of black death that may be extinct at the moment.

The historical plague genome of the essay reveals that European black death is the root cause of ancient and modern pest epidemics