The Harms and Benefits of Inflammatory and Immune Responses in Vascular Disease

From modern methods to their molecular pathology, atherosclerosis is probably the most common chronic inflammatory disease. Chronic exposure to low density lipoprotein (LDL) modified by oxidative or enzymatic attack activates cells in endothelial cells and potential endometrium to express adhesion molecules and inflammatory genes, It promotes monocyte accumulation and macrophage differentiation. Therefore, the onset 12 pattern recognition receptor of atherosclerotic plaque plays an important role in this innate immune response, resulting in local inflammation as well as congenital and adaptive immune responses. The primary scavenger receptor, CD36, was originally identified as a member of the thrombospondin-1 platelet integrated membrane glycoprotein receptor and scavenger receptor A family, bound and internalized modified LDL and activated macrophages. Ineffective genetic modification with scavenger receptor A showed potent inhibition of atherosclerosis. Apo E - / - and LDL receptor - / - mice. The Toll-like receptor (TLR) discovered in 1997 shares homology with Drosophila dorsal pattern and collection receptors essential for antifungal immunity and initiates and modulates inflammation and immune responses 15. TLR signaling in response to endogenous ligands released or formed under plaque cell stress (warning or danger signal) or pathogen associated molecular pattern conditions can cause immune and inflammatory reactions 16. In addition, the genetic defect of TLR2 is associated with a reduction in Tsp4 receptor signaling in the Asp299Gly TLR4 polymorphism associated with decreased risk of atherosclerosis in clinical studies. It has been shown to alleviate the development of atherosclerosis in a mouse model. A series of oxidative LDL immunological studies were conducted in animal models of atherosclerosis based on observations showing that native IgM anti-oxidized LDL antibodies reduce circulating LDL levels. In these studies attention is paid to the production of IgG antibodies against oxidized LDL and significant reduction of plaque burden 19. Recently, detailed molecular characterization of complex oxidized LDL antigen confirmed two atherogenic epitopes, malondialdehyde. - ApoB - 100 peptide sequence containing phosphorylcholine head group and oxidized phospholipid. Immunization with these defined antigens reduces atherosclerosis in a mouse model and is expected for future clinical trials. In addition, mucosal resistance to mycobacterial heat shock protein 65, a molecular mimic of natural heat shock protein 60, occurs by intranasal or oral administration of regulatory T cells (Tregs) which are suppressed in preclinical models. Reduces local inflammation and immune response, and onset of atherosclerosis.

Polyphenols are also important as antioxidants by removing free radicals and suppressing inflammation in the body. 30 polyphenols inhibit vascular endothelial cell growth factor and cause atherosclerotic plaque complications that contribute to cardiovascular disease 31 • Alzheimer's disease. An estimated 5.4 million Americans are suffering from Alzheimer's disease, are severe dementia 32, recent data [33, 34] show that over 500,000 Americans die each year from Alzheimer's disease Respectively. It is the third most common cause of death in the United States, followed by disease and cancer. Researchers have identified the role of polyphenols in delaying dementia and reducing the risk of Alzheimer's disease

Inflammatory diseases are a type of disease in which inflammatory reactions in the body intertwine with destructive tissues in the body. A chronic case of inflammatory disease is Crohn's disease where the immune system attacks tissues of the gastrointestinal tract and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) where the immune system attacks the joints. Dangerous acute inflammatory reactions include septic shock. There, bacterial infection causes rapidly and excessively compensated inflammatory reactions to greatly reduce blood pressure, thereby starving the organs in the blood