The Genetics of Sex Differences in Brain and Behavior

Men and women differ in many ways. These differences include two biological phenotypes [Example 1] and a psychological feature [Example 2]. Some of these differences are subject to environmental factors [3; 4]. However, there is a fundamental difference between the sexes that are rooted in biology.

Of particular interest is the gender difference found in the brain. Male and female brains are very similar, but they show consistent differences, and these differences are important for each gender. In other words, differences in brain gender make it more susceptible to certain diseases, and have unique influences on biochemical processes that may affect specific behaviors. This physiological difference should not be used to justify discrimination by discrimination or gender. However, by fully understanding these differences, we believe that information can be obtained to enable researchers and clinicians to cope with important issues appropriately. Two examples include how genetic sex leads to differences in gender and disease progression due to causes and how differences in neurodevelopment lead to differences in cognition and behavior.

In this article it is not due to the influence of the hormone secreted from the gonads, it reviews not the main mechanism related to this difference but the gender difference between the brain and behavior. This is called "direct genetic influence". These are the effects caused by the expression of the X and Y genes in cells other than the gonads, leading to gender differences in the function of these cells. First, I will explain gender difference at the biological and psychological level. Next we will look at the "classical" view which dominates the field of gender difference. The majority of gender differences, especially those related to reproductive physiology and behavior, are due to the influence of hormones produced by the gonads. Next, I will present a new idea that "direct genetic influence" plays an important role. Finally, we will discuss new ways to study gender differences. People with sex chromosomal variation (eg Klinefelter syndrome and Turner syndrome), people with genetic mutation in the sexual developmental pathway, heterotypic people - orientation, and people who experience transgender identity

It is also useful to see how the etiology of gender / gender corresponds to cognitive behavioral and neurobiological findings. Behavioral genetic studies on features of autism do not show evidence of qualitative gender differences (ie, genetic and environmental influences of men and women differently), but quantitative gender differences (ie, And degree of influence on women). The correlation of phenotypes among autistic triads (social, communication, RRBI) is higher for males than for females, genetic overlap between triplets is similar, 117-119 for higher expression in men It shows type and genetic coherence. . But women have more fragmentation. Furthermore, in the general population, autism is usually associated with male social cognition.

In this article it is not due to the influence of the hormone secreted from the gonads, it reviews not the main mechanism related to this difference but the gender difference between the brain and behavior. This is called "direct genetic influence". These are the effects caused by the expression of the X and Y genes in cells other than the gonads, leading to gender differences in the function of these cells. First, I will explain gender difference at the biological and psychological level. Next we will look at the "classical" view which dominates the field of gender difference. Most of the sex differences, especially those related to reproductive physiology and behavior, are due to the influence of hormones produced by the gonads. Next, we propose a new viewpoint that "direct genetic influence" plays an important role.

Of particular interest is the gender difference found in the brain. Male and female brains are very similar, but they show consistent differences, and these differences are important for each gender. In other words, differences in brain gender make it more susceptible to certain diseases, and have unique influences on biochemical processes that may affect specific behaviors. This physiological difference should not be used to justify discrimination by discrimination or gender. However, by fully understanding these differences, we believe that information can be obtained to enable researchers and clinicians to cope with important issues appropriately. Two examples include how genetic sex leads to differences in gender and disease progression due to causes and how differences in neurodevelopment lead to differences in cognition and behavior.