The Gender Gap in Labor Force Participation

The gender gap in Iran's Labor Force Participation (LFP) is much larger than most other countries, but it is decreasing. In addition, the composition of women's employment has shifted to professionals and corporate positions, especially in the private sector (Salehi Esfahani, 2010). Since Iran has a labor market situation similar to other countries in the Middle East and North Africa, studying the forces behind these models is possible to cope with changes in the female labor force participation rate It helps to propose specific concrete policy.

It gets even worse. In gender disparity including participation of labor force, only 50% of women are working compared to 77% of men. In some parts of the world and elsewhere, this gap is even bigger. Women's income is low, and their income is only 70% to 90% of male income. The proportion of women working in biological sciences has increased from 28% to more than 50%; they became the majority in this field, an increase of 23 percentage points. Chemical and materials science increased by 31% and women accounted for 39% of the working population. However, they never did the same job in engineering, only 12% of the engineers are women.

In the world's gender gap index, Egypt ranks number 136 out of 145 countries. Gender inequality in Egypt is most pronounced when women's participation in the labor force is low. It is estimated that 69% of men and 26% of women are participating in the labor force. Egyptian women average median annual income is $ 5,218 while men are estimated at $ 17,353 per year. This difference can also be seen in the literacy rate. The literacy rate is estimated to be 65% for women and 82% for men. The main obstacles to reducing gender inequality in Egypt are related to economic participation and opportunities, education, health and political empowerment. According to the demographics and health survey in 2014, 92% of women interviewed between 15 and 49 years of age experienced female genitomy. This is a big problem in Egypt's gender inequality.

Dealing with gender disparities in labor participation remains a major concern for some countries but if these efforts change women's abilities it will focus on the quality of work that women can use It is even more important to match. From a gender perspective, women are more likely to do lower wages, part-time, informal, and less productive work than men, so that stable, neat, safe and efficient high-quality work It is especially important to do. Compared to men, they tend to operate in low-productivity industries and are more likely to engage in part-time and temporary work compared to promotion. Women are particularly focused on "intangible" activities such as housework and unpaid labor, or informal departments that are lacking safety and are not subject to labor laws.