The Evolution and Gentic Basis of Human Pigmentation

Melanocytes and melanoma cells are dendritic cells derived from neural crests that produce melanin. Mammalian melanocytes are classified into two groups: melanocytes of the skin involved in pigmentation of hair and skin, melanocytes of the skin, melanocytes which represent the eyes, inner ear, adipose tissue, brain, heart and bone (Kawakami and Fisher, 2011). ) The life cycle of melanocytes is divided into several stages of identification of lineage from neural crest cells, migration and proliferation, differentiation into melanocytes, maturation of melanocytes, and maturation in the case of cutaneous melanocytes and cell death. Transport of steroids to keratinocytes

Melanocytes produce dyes. Everyone has the same number of melanocytes. The difference in skin color occurs because melanocytes produce more pigment in deeper skin. Melanin protects epidermal cells and dermal tissue from damage of the sun. People with shallower skin are more sensitive to sunburned skin as their melanocytes produce less melanin (skin pigmentation). The dermis lies beneath the epidermis and is 20 to 30 times thicker than the epidermis. It consists of a dense network of special proteins (collagen and elastin) that make up fibers of different sizes and properties. These fibers surround the composite gel of different proteins. Extracellular matrix

Human convergence includes blue eyes color and thin skin color. When humans go out of Africa they move to the north latitude, and the sun is not that strong. Reducing skin pigmentation is good for them. Before the distinction between European and East Asian pedigree, it seems that skin color is somewhat diminished, as there are some genetic differences in the whitening of both groups. However, after the lines diverge and become genetically separated, the skin of both groups becomes brighter, and extra lightning is due to different genetic changes.

In the analysis of their human skin evolution, Zihlman and Cohn began with the theory of evolution of their human species that came from primitive human members, including humans. Fossils from 2 million to 4 million years ago were found in several parts of Africa in eastern and southern parts. Primitives lost their hair and dark pigmentation seemed to protect their skin from ultraviolet radiation. At the same time, the decrease in body hair will cause the sweat glands to develop, as perspiration will cool the body. Archaeological evidence suggests that primitive humans are plants that survive on vegetable food. The distinguishing feature of human evolution from an ape is the ability of them to stand, walk and run. And it shows the beginning of a new lifestyle that depends on living on earth and traveling around.