The emergence of modern Europe, 1500–1648

The 16th century was the era of economic boom. This expansion has played an important role in many other changes of the century - society, politics, culture.

By 1500, the majority of Europe's population experienced a recession or stagnation in the second century. Business relationships in Europe became strict, "the circle of business" (in the words of French historian Fernando Braudel of the 20th century) became even faster. The main geographical discovery that was taking place at the time was to integrate Europe into the global economic system. New products imported from the land where many of them have been recently discovered enrich material lives. By adopting a new organizational production method, not only trade but also production of goods increased. Merchants, entrepreneurs, bankers accumulate and manipulate unprecedented amounts of capital. Most historians were the beginning of western capitalism in the 16th century, or at least mature. Capital plays an important role not only in economic organizations but also in political life and international relations. Culturally, many new values ​​relating to the Renaissance and reforms will spread to Europe, and people's behavior and their perspective on the world will change.

However, this early capitalist world is difficult to regard as stable or unified prosperity. Financial collapse is common, the Spanish royal family, the heaviest borrower in Europe repeatedly bankrupted (1557, 1575-1777, 1596, 1607, 1627, 1647). The poor and the poor in society, at least not clearly, at least more obvious. Even though capitalism developed in the West, free farmers in Central and Eastern Europe once fell into serfdom. The apparent prosperity of the 16th century gave way to the "universal crisis" in many parts of Europe from the middle of the 17th century to the latter half. In politics, the new centralized state strictly adheres to the level of cultural integration of its subject. Some states expelled the Jews and almost all countries have refused to accept religious opponents. Culturally, despite the revival of ancient learning and reform of the church, hysterical fear against witches captured the majority of people, including knowledge-rich people. Naturally, it is difficult for historians to determine the exact location of this complex century in the development of Europe.

To better understand the Roman economy, many historians are asking if it compares with Europe during the period 1500-1700. Bang argued that early modern Europe was not a good metaphor for the Roman economy, at least from the perspective of that system. He pointed out that the early modern Europe was fundamentally different from the Roman Empire as it was characterized by strong interstate competition. Due to this competition, each state is seeking more and more resources as tax revenue does not keep up with spending needs. In order to obtain these resources, they need to unite with businessmen, bankers and urban economic elite.

Modern Europe was the term used to refer to a part of the European history that began on the last day of the Westpac Convention in 1648 and the 30th War. War began for several religious reasons. On the other hand, the focus of the battle during the war was in a political struggle between countries surrounding the Holy Roman Empire (Eusanz Organization, 2002). Originally involved in the Austrian Habsburg dynasty, the Catholic side was supported for religious reasons. On the other hand, the Swedish side intervenes Protestantly.