The Deceptive Pollination Practice in Plants and Flowers: Nutritive Mimicry

Although it is generally accepted that opportunities for all flowers to attract pollinators are equal, competition for basic demand for angiosperms leads to the implementation of deceptive pollination. In most cases pollination is a symbiotic relationship that requires some form of benefit for both pollinators and flowering plants. Pollinators are attracted by flowers that seem to be able to provide food or shelter. However, if flowers do not benefit from rewards, pollinators may find enough flowers to pollinate.

Blooming of flowering plants begins with pollination which is transferred from anthers to the same flower style or to another flower stigma of the same plant (selfed), or from one plant anther to another plant stigma (other house Pollination). When pollen grains fall to the stigma, pollen tubes grow from pollen grains to ovules. After that, the two sperm nuclei go through the pollen tube. One of them binds to the ovum to form a fertilized egg. Another sperm nucleus binds with two polar nuclei to produce endosperm nucleus. Fertilized ovules grow into seeds

Flowering plants and animals pollinating them co-evolved. Many plants pollinated by insects (in insects), bats or birds (in birds) have highly specialized flowers modified to promote pollination by the corresponding adaptive pollinators. The first flowering plants of the fossil record have relatively simple flowers. The adaptive seed formation rapidly produces many different flora phases while at the same time the corresponding seed formation occurs in certain insect populations. Several plant groups have developed honey and large sticky pollen, while insects have evolved a more specialized form to capture and collect these rich food sources. In some taxa of plants and insects, this relationship becomes dependent, where plant species can only be pollinated by insects

Not all plants that capture or kill animals are regarded as carnivores. Some Aroid and Aristolochia species capture insects in their flowers to promote pollination. They do not kill pollinators, and if some pollinators die from flowers they will not make for plants. Carnivorous plants do not use their flowers as traps. Since this is natural, in many cases we do not know if the plant is a true predator or only a specific characteristic of carnivore. Until recently, it was believed that the three devil nails of the Martyniaceae family were carnivorous. Ibicella lutea, Proboscidea louisianica, and P. parviflora are usually large plants that capture some small flies. Since nutrients from prey are not so many, they are now considered noncarnivorous. They may have sticky leaves as a defender of predators