Susser's Three Characteristics to Argue that the Outcome and Exposure can only be Inferred from Epidemiological Studies

Scientific methods are based on the principle that nothing is proved to be realistic. Conversely, once hypothesized, you can generate evidence to support the hypothesis and support the alternative hypothesis. If sufficient evidence is collected in either direction, the original hypothesis is accepted or truncated to support the alternative. As scientific research is constantly changing, previously accepted theories can always be overturned by new evidence. Sufficiently reliable evidence can deduce causal relationships 2 questions o

In this paper, we demonstrate that the causal relationship between exposure and result can only be obtained from experiments using Susser's three features, reasons, correlations, chronological order and direction. It is inferred from the study of the disease. Purely "probably already" type of analysis may be more suitable for fiction than serious historiography, but the main advantage is its entertainment value. Very valuable to historians

Retrospective studies are used to test hypothesis research designs where inferences derived from putative cause factors are derived from subject characteristics or data related to past events or experiences. The essential feature is that some of the people studied have disease status or other consequences of interest and compare their characteristics and past experiences with those who are not affected by others. A "true positivity" high detection rate, for example the proportion of subjects who are actually receiving good care, is classified as a person who is receiving good care. In the case of medical screening tests, the sensitivity is determined by screening tests and the percentage of true affected people in the screening population is determined.

Case-control studies are the observational epidemiology used to measure and compare the prevalence of exposure factors between patients with the outcome of interest (case) and the appropriate population without specific results (control) It is an intensive study. If the prevalence of exposure is higher than that of the control group, the exposure may be a risk factor for outcome. If it is lower, exposure may be a protective factor for the outcome. (Porta, 2008; Rothman et al., 2008) Case-control studies are applicable to assess chronic diseases, infections and injuries, and population-based interventions (Friis & Sellers, 2004). In this study, Jenkins et al. (2008) estimated the field effect of monovalent and trivalent oral poliovirus vaccines in Nigeria; this is an assessment of population-based intervention, Jenkins et al. (2010) reported vaccine-derived gray matter I studied. Influence of virus in Nigeria, Infectious Disease Research