Submarine Volcanic Ecosystems

In 1977, hydrothermal vents and new life forms were first discovered in the mid-ocean ridge. At almost all of the mid-oceanic ridges, hydrothermal vents, also called black chimneys, were found. The water in these fountains, hydrogen sulfide and other minerals has a temperature of about 660 degrees F (350 degrees C). These hot water has an ecosystem including huge clams, mussels, tube worms and other creatures. These creatures use sulfur instead of sunlight to survive. Picture of Daniel Fornari tube worm group of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute. Photograph from Dynamic Earth of US Geological Survey

The hydrothermal vent is known as a black chimney to create a black 'chimney'. The chimney is made of sulfide minerals of iron and zinc and calcium sulfate. The chimney can grow to a height of about 40 feet (13 meters), but most are less than 30 feet (10 meters) high. The chimney diameter ranges from less than 1 inch (1 cm) to 12 inches (30 cm). This photo shows that the hydrothermal orifice recently formed in the axial peak collapse trough of the East Pacific tsunami after the 1991 seabed eruption is close to 9 degrees 50 minutes N. Pictures are Woods Hole Oceanographic Research Institute and Adventure Diver (Chief Researcher: D. Fornari, R. Haymon, K. Von Damm, M. Perfit, M. Lilley, R. Lutz)

Argo I 9 degrees 51 minutes Photo of the hydrothermal community at the top of the top of the East Pacific near the northeast

Submarine eruption is a volcanic eruption that occurs in the water. It is estimated that 75% of the total volcanic eruption occurs due to submarine volcanic eruption near the mid-ocean ridge, but they are due to problems related to deep sea volcanic rock detection until the course of the 1990's may be observed Little is known. they are. Volcanic activities of submarines are driven by various processes. The plate boundary and the volcano near the mid-ocean ridge are built by the decompression of the mantle rock rising on the surface of the crust at the rising part of the convection unit. At the same time, the volcanic eruption associated with the subduction zone is caused by a subduction plate that adds volatile substances to the ascending plate, thereby lowering its melting point. Each process produces a different rock, the volcanic rocks in the central western region are primarily basalt, the subduction flow is predominantly calcalkalic, more explosive and sticky.

Active volcanic activity is currently taking place in all sea ridges, but most of this volcanic activity is submarine volcanic activity. One place where the ridge reaches the sea level is Iceland along the Atlantic mid - ocean ridge. Here, most volcanic eruptions are essentially basalt, but many are explosive strombolic types or explosive diving or pop lock types. As shown on the right, the volcanic activity of the Mid Atlantic Ridge, which passes directly through Iceland, also occurs in the mainland receiving a lift. A typical example is the East African Great Rift Belt in which the African divisions are divided. The lower mantle rises from bottom to top, extending the continental crust above it, tensile deformation will occur. The raised mantle melts to produce magma and then may rise along the normal fault, which is generally created by tensile deformation to the surface. Volcanic activities of basalt and rhyolite are common in these areas.