Speciation and Origin of Particulate Copper in Runoff Water from a Mediterranean Vineyard Catchment

The morphology and source of particulate copper contained in the effluent of the Mediterranean vineyard basin brings a large amount of copper to the topsoil of most vineyards. This paper studies copper contamination to surface water in the Mediterranean vine growing basin. The aim is to explain the morphology of copper related to suspended matter during autumn heavy rain and to determine which soil contributes most to copper exports. INTRODUCTION Since the end of the eighteenth century, copper has been used to protect grapevines from disease (Affor-gue, 1928).

A micro-catchment system is a system that collects surface runoff from small catchments, mainly short-range slab flows. Outflow water is typically applied to adjacent agricultural areas where it is stored in the root area and used directly by the plant or stored in a small reservoir for later use. Target areas can be planted with trees, shrubs or annual crops. The fishing scale ranges from several square meters to 1,000 square meters. Even if the surface of the land remains natural, vegetation is not impaired, or especially when the soil is thin, it is purified and treated in some way to cause a spill. On the surface of the water other than land

Macro collection systems are also called "collection of water from long slopes" or "collection from external catchment areas". The advantages of turbulent outflow and river flow in the catchment area, typical stream streams in plate or micro catchment area. Generally, capture of runoff is much less than microbathing, ranging from low percentage of annual precipitation to 50%. Water is usually stored at the surface of the ground or underground reservoir, but it can also be stored in the form of soil for crops to use directly. Water may be stored in the aquifer as a replenishment system. The planting area can be located on a gentle hillside or flat terrain

Farm micro collection system is easy to design and can be constructed at low cost, so it is easy to duplicate and adapt. They have higher effluent efficiency than macro collecting systems and typically do not require a water supply system. They suppress soil erosion and send sediments directly to the arable land. There is a mini-collection technique on land suitable for slope and crops. However, these systems usually require continuous maintenance and have relatively high labor input.

A highly permeable soil like sandy soil is not suitable as a catchment area if there is no countermeasure to induce a spill. Generally, this is only possible when using trace contaminants for human consumption by humans and animals, or for the production of high-value crops for harvesting water. In order to influence soil erosion, it is necessary to consider texture of the soil. Water rights, land use rights and use are issues that may affect the choice of the right place and technology. In the past, many water collection projects failed because they had not been adequately studied. Collective land ownership increases the number of available choices, including macro watershed selection. Large scale systems are more economical because they require less installation work and less maintenance per unit area.