Short-term in vitro Inhibition of Glycogen

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes, accounting for about 90% of 20.8 million cases in the United States. Unlike type 1 diabetes, the most common cause of type 2 diabetes is not defects of insulin itself, but defects of insulin action on cells. Recently it has been shown that excessive activity of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) may be associated with impaired insulin action 2. GSK - 3 is a distal component of the insulin signaling pathway (including insulin receptor substrate 1 or IRS - 1), but if it is hyperactive it affects insulin signaling and glucose from the blood Remove.

Glycogen can be produced directly in the liver and stored. As insulin rises, the body stores food energy as glycogen. As insulin falls, the body breaks glycogen into glucose similar to fasting. Liver glycogen lasts for about 24 hours without eating. Glycogen is used only to store food energy from carbohydrates and proteins, not food fat for processing in the liver, it is not broken down into glucose. When the glycogen reserve fills up, the body uses the second form of energy storage - body fat. Both dietary fat and body fat are composed of molecules called triglycerides. When we eat dietary fat it is absorbed and sent directly to the bloodstream and absorbed by adipocytes. Excess liver glucose that can not be stored in intact glycogen must be converted to triglycerides by a process called "de novo fat production"

The economy of human energy storage resembles the natural energy bank - food. Our body has short-term and long-term energy storage. Our liver and muscles have small short-term energy storage like glycogen carbohydrates. Long-term rebound as an adipose tissue archive - Yes, it is fat. Our muscle, mainly protein, also stores energy for a long time. But this is a bank you do not want to quit - forever. That is now a kicker. Excess energy not used in the body when consumed as food is submitted for recovery of the latter. That is, it can be converted to FAT. This is not a "bad" thing. In fact, it is a survival mechanism. "Bad" is not all of the metabolic energy required to give the body enough nutrients.

Glycogen is a stored carbohydrate used by animals. Their composition is very similar to starch, they are the second source of our long-term energy, initially fat of adipose tissue. Glycogen is mainly found in hepatocytes and can be used for all functions as needed, muscle can be used directly as energy source. To understand where and where they are used, we can very easily understand what happens to these carbohydrates during digestion. As these carbohydrates enter our stomach and enter the intestine, they break down into glucose, so it is small enough to enter the bloodstream. Then the blood sends them somewhere in the body. Later on, cells can use these glucose to generate energy through complicated processes (by chemical bond generation and destruction). I will explain this later. If glucose is not needed immediately, the lever picks them up, changes them to glycogen and fat, and stores them.