Self or Group? Cultural Effects of Training on Self-Efficacy and Performance

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Self-efficacy of learning and performance includes two aspects of expectation. It is a successful expectation and self-efficacy. Expectation of success is performance expectation, especially related to task performance. Self-efficacy is self-assessment of the ability to perform work and the credibility of skills necessary to carry out the work (Garcia et al., 1991). Test anxiety was inversely proportional to expectation and academic performance. Test anxiety is thought to have two elements, anxiety, cognitive factors, and emotional factors. Anxiety elements represent a negative way of thinking about student negative results, emotional elements represent aspects of emotional and physiological awakening of anxiety. Cognitive components and performance concerns are found to be the biggest cause of performance degradation

The concept, self-efficacy first introduced by Albert Bandura in 1977 refers to a person's belief that he or she can effectively achieve the tasks necessary to achieve a worthwhile goal (Bandura, 1977). Since then, self - efficacy has become one of the most thoroughly studied concepts in psychology. Almost all important areas of human behavior have been studied using self-efficacy theory (Bandura, 1997; Maddux, 1995; Maddux & Gosselin, 2011, 2012). Self-efficacy is not your ability, it refers to your belief in what your ability is doing. In addition, self-efficacy is not a characteristic - people with low self-efficacy or people with low self-efficacy do not exist (Stajkovic & Luthans, 1998). Instead, people have self-efficacy against specific goals and areas of life.

Collective efficacy is a concept related to self-efficacy. Collective effectiveness refers to a common belief among the members of the group on the group's ability to effectively carry out the tasks necessary to achieve valuable objectives (Bandura, 1997). Groups and teams with higher collective effectiveness perform better than groups and teams with lower collective effectiveness (Marks, 1999). Collective effectiveness is particularly important in missions that require a lot of team work (Katz-Navon & Erez, 2005). For example, if each group member needs to run a group project that is responsible for a part of the final project, if all the members are convinced that their group can perform the necessary tasks together, the performance of the team Will be greatly improved. Collective effectiveness plays an important role in a romantic relationship. A couple who is convinced that they have the ability to achieve a common goal is more happy than a couple with weak beliefs (Kaplan & Maddux, 2002)