Relationship Between Modern Humans and Neanderthal

The first Neanderthal fossil found in Europe in 1830, the fragmented child skull of Belgium, and the skull of adults in Gibraltar were not immediately considered as different humans. After discovering several frameworks in the cavern of Neander Valley in Germany it was not until 1856 that these fossils were of the closest relatives with the extinct human beings ( Hublin andPääbo, 2006). Since then, questions about the relationship with modern humans have been intensely discussed among anthropologists.

We can use DNA from fossil Neanderthals to solve this problem and many other questions. What is the relationship between the Neanderthal man and the anatomical contemporary Homo sapiens? Does the Neanderthal man intersect with the anatomical modern person? How much did the Neanderthal contribute to the modern genome? What did the Neanderthal gene seen in the modern human genome actually do? Scientists answer these questions by comparing the Neanderthal nuclear and mitochondrial DNA samples with modern human samples and comparing them with genes.

Modern people who lived about 40,000 years ago discovered 6 to 9% of Neanderthal's DNA, but the Neanderthals account for about 1 to 4% of non-African contemporary genomes (Fu et al ., 2015). The evidence of the Neanderthals and the cross of modern people shows the expansion of contemporary humanity in Africa. These new findings are anatomically contradicting the many previous hypotheses that modern humans replace ancient human beings such as Neanderthals without turning. However, although there are some hybrids between modern people and endangered human beings, most of our genome is still coming from Africa. Neanderthal people can not contribute to the genome of modern Africans. Because the Neanderthals evolved and lived alone in Eurasia.

In Eurasia, the mixture of Neanderthals and Denisova, and modern humans has been occurring many times. It is estimated that contemporary human gene transfer occurred to Neanderthal people and Neisova people about 44, 000 to 54, 000 years ago, about 47,000 to 65,000 years ago. DNA from Neanderthal people is present in the genome of modern European and Asian populations. It accounts for 1 to 4% of the modern genome, although the estimate may be different. Most of the contemporary population of Sub - Saharan Africa does not have Neanderthal 's blood, and the modern population of Eurasia and West Africa lacks a lineage derived from Denise One. However, in Africa, ancient alleles matching with several independent mixing events on the subcontinent have been found. It is not clear who these ancient Africans are.