Regulation in Eukaryotic Cells

Gene expression is the ability of a gene to produce a biologically active protein. This process is controlled by living cells and is important for the survival of life at all levels. This is far more complex for eukaryotes than for prokaryotes. The main difference is the presence of nuclear membrane eukaryotes that interfere with simultaneous transcription and translation in prokaryotes. Initiation of protein transcription begins with RNA polymerase. The activity of RNA polymerase is regulated by regulatory protein interactions and these proteins can act both as activators and repressors.

Apoptosis is highly regulated in eukaryotic cells, as inappropriate triggers of apoptosis compromise cell survival. However, many cancer cells have developed mechanisms to circumvent this tightly regulated cell death program by manipulating the level of anti-apoptotic molecules or by inactivating pro-apoptotic cell death components There. The advent of genomic analysis provides important insight into various mutations that allow cancer to avoid cell death. We currently know that cancer cells are using various mechanisms to avoid apoptosis. Some of them are specific for specific apoptosis.

Transcriptional regulation is inevitably more complicated in eukaryotic cells (cells with nucleus) than prokaryotic cells. Not only are eukaryotic cells larger and more differentiated, they undergo many developmental stages to the terminal differentiation state, each requiring a different protein. In addition, multicellular organisms contain many different cell types, each expressing a different proteome. Some of the basic features of transcriptional regulation are shared between prokaryotes and eukaryotes and in both cases the interaction between the activator and the repressor that binds the cis-acting sequence to the DNA is related doing. However, one of the big differences is that unlike prokaryotic DNA, a eukaryotic chromosome is wrapped around a protein called a histone to form enriched DNA called chromatin.