Prenatal Exposure

Prenatal alcohol exposure increases the risk of young people's physical, cognitive and mental health problems (O'Leary, 2004). The variety of possible consequences of using mother's alcohol during pregnancy is called fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) (Barr and Streissguth, 2001). The most serious result is called Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), and less severe results are often called partial FAS (Abel, 1998;). Expression of intact FAS was found in children with a history of chronic severe alcohol use during pregnancy or frequent use of large amounts of intermittent alcohol. Diagnosis of FAS is based on a series of criteria including three main aspects of abnormality: central nervous system abnormalities in characteristic physical abnormalities, growth retardation, and mental retardation (Abel, 1998).

FAS and FASD have been associated with high incidence of alcohol and other drug use disorders in recent years (;). Recent studies also indicate that more mild alcohol exposure during pregnancy is associated with the onset of early adult alcohol problems. A 21-year longitudinal analysis of the effect of prenatal alcohol exposure on adolescent drinking was conducted. Prenatal alcohol exposure (drinking alcoholic beverages daily during pregnancy), along with postnatal environmental factors including alcoholic family history, nicotine exposure, other prenatal exposure and parental influences, alcohol at 21 years old It is related to the problem - medicine

FAS is also associated with a complex pattern of cognitive dysfunction and behavioral dysfunction that may adversely affect young people in the future (O'Leary, 2002). Symptoms may include lack of impulsive control and lack of ADHD, attention, memory or judgment, lack of problem solving and arithmetic abilities, language problems, and abstract thinking, perception and motor development. With these effects, children are exposed to issues related to greater learning difficulties and other problems (O'Leary, 2004). During puberty, FAS is associated with attention, memory, and information processing flaws (). In addition, alcohol consumption during pregnancy may be influenced by antisocial behavior during adolescence and adolescence, including impulsive disorder control, poor social adaptability, legal difficulties, inappropriate sexual behavior, employment difficulties and drug use problems And illegal behavior issues (Jacobson and Jacobson, 2002). These risks are often closely related to adolescent alcoholism, suggesting that there may be multiple pathways (ie biology and environment) from exposure to development after young adolescents doing.

b In humans, 228 children were evaluated for the neurotoxic effects of prenatal exposure to chlorpyrifos for 5 years of age. The height of prenatal exposure has a significant adverse effect on birth weight and birth time (3 watt et al., 2004), the risk of stunts and ADHD like symptoms increases at 3 years (Rauh et al., 2006)). The neuropsychological function of 5 years and 7 years was evaluated in the same cohort (Rauh 2008). Race / ethnicity, gender, mother's education, mothers' IQ, prenatal exposure to secondhand smoke and poverty, chlorpyrifos and attention problems (distraction and difficulty concentrating) and ADHD (anxious, restless and sitting ) It is still difficult to adjust after adjusting) Significant positive correlation

According to reports, mathematics was inadequate among young people who had been exposed to alcohol before birth. Streissguth et al. [263] explained in relation to various important academic and school issues related to prenatal alcohol exposure, mainly the lack of reading and mathematical abilities throughout the grade. In terms of reading and spelling, the 0.267 grade is not a well-studied field in terms of exposure to prenatal opioids. The impact of reported cocaine exposure on school achievement has changed. In a longitudinal maternal lifestyle study, the likelihood of a 7-year old individualized education program (after IQ adjustment) for prenatal cocaine exposure increased by 79%, but Morrow et al. [249] increased the risk of learning disorders by 2.8 times . Among the children exposed to prenatal cocaine