Polarization

Polarization overview: Part 1: Polarization method 1: Place the two polarization disks in a slotted bracket with polarization axes aligned in a line. . It is the other side. The light intensity is measured from 0 to 180 degrees as a function of the angle of the plastic rotating polarizer. Using the Science Workshop, measure the intensity at 5 degrees per revolution (Figure 1). Method 2: Since mineral calcite shows birefringence (birefringence), its refractive index has two different values.

Political scientists often distinguish between two types of political polarization, elite polarization and universal polarization. "Elite polarization" refers to the polarization of the party elite such as party organizers and officers elected by elections, and "mass polarization" (or mass polarization) refers to the polarization of voters and citizens. In both cases, the stance of opinions and policies is characterized by strict observance of partisan policies. Elite polarization and popular polarization can occur at the same time or independently of each other. The core problem of political polarization studies is to study the relationship between elite polarization and people's polarization, especially the causal relationship between the two.

Epipolar polarization and extensive polarization will occur if voters clearly separate political issues, policies, and people's attitudes according to political party issues. If bias is widespread, voters and the public will often not become moderate. In the United States media coverage often divides people into a gap between red and blue countries, or "cultural war" between valuable voters and progressive factions. But political scientists generally believe that this statement is too simplistic and ignore the complex factors that can account for polarization. Many political scholars believe that political polarization is a top - down process where elite 's polarization leads to general polarization, or at least precedes it. However, bias between elites does not necessarily lead to bias among voters, and selection of bias often reflects elite bias rather than voter preferences.