Olfactory bulb

The olfactory bulb located in the structure of the forebrain of a vertebrate receives a neural input about the odor detected by the nasal cell. The olfactory receptor (olfactory receptor) cell axons extend directly to the highly organized olfactory bulb, which deals with information on odors

Inside the olfactory bulb there are separate spheres of nerve tissue called glomeruli. They are formed by the branch ends of the receptor cell axons and the outer (dendritic) branches of interneurons called vernal valves in the vertebrate and transmit information to the other part. Cells similar to but smaller than cells of mitral valve cells and other types of interneuronal cells also contribute to the formation of glomeruli. Axons of all recipient cells that exhibit a response to a series of specific chemical or chemical species with a similar structure converge to a single glomeruli where they are attached to the interneurons via the synapse. In this way information from a large number of recipient cells with similar characteristics is collected. Therefore, even if only a small number of receptors are stimulated due to very low concentrations of irritating chemicals, the effect of signals from these cells is maximized. In the mouse, there are about 1,800 glomeruli on both sides of the brain, about 2,000 in rabbits and 5000 glomeruli in dogs. Due to the presence of millions of olfactory receptor cells the information on the degree of convergence of axons and therefore specific odor is very large. For example, in rabbits, axons from about 25,000 recipient cells are focused on each glomerulus.

Glomerular vertebrate glomerulus seems to be less than fish. Zebrafish commonly used in laboratory studies has approximately 80 glomeruli in each olfactory bulb and is associated with a mitral valve associated with axonal synapse (connective) of recipient cells within the glomeruli Cells are axons of several glomeruli, and in mammals, the connection of each mitral valve is primarily glomerular.

In most vertebrates, the olfactory bulb is the most elongated (anterior) part of the brain, as seen in rats. However, in humans, the olfactory bulb is located on the lower side (lower side) of the brain. The olfactory bulb is isolated from the olfactory epithelium of the mammal and is supported and protected by the ethmoid plate which is perforated by the olfactory axons. Bulbs are divided into two different structures: the main olfactory bulb and the auxiliary olfactory bulb

The olfactory bulb is a structure found on the lower side (lower side) of the cerebral hemisphere, located near the front of the brain. Both hemispheres have olfactory bulbs. The olfactory bulb is attached to the cerebral hemisphere by a long stem (commonly referred to as olfactory stem or olfactory stem). The olfactory bulb is a structure indispensable for the olfactory system (odor-only system). An olfactory substance begins when odor molecules enter the nasal cavity by inhalation or ascending from the mouth (eg during chewing of food). These molecules interact with olfactory receptors, which are part of the G protein - coupled receptor family. Stimulation of these receptors results in the production of second messengers such as cyclic AMP (cAMP), which results in the release of ion channels and generation of action potentials in olfactory receptor cells.