Obesity and respiratory diseases

COPD is characterized by progressive and most irreversible airflow obstruction, primarily in the complex interactions of smokers 59. COPD and obesity seem to complicate each situation. Both are associated with worsening lung function, hypoxia and low systemic inflammation, which increase medical incidence and mortality.

The combined effect of obesity and COPD increases the deterioration of pulmonary function. FEV 1 declines as the two conditions get worse 4, 11 COPD exacerbates airflow obstruction and hypoxia and increases oxidative stress in the lungs and the whole body in addition to smoking. This is particularly true for overlap syndromes where the combination of COPD, obesity, and OSA worsen night and daytime hypoxia and hypercapnia, and excessive activation of the sympathetic nervous system is associated with cardiovascular and metabolic morbidity Resulting in increased rates and mortality. In addition, OSA and COPD (duplication syndrome) patients have an increased risk of respiratory failure, pulmonary hypertension, and pulmonary heart disease compared to patients with COPD only. This is irrelevant to the degree of airflow obstruction

Studies have shown that obesity is positively associated with increased mortality in the early stages of COPD (GOLD stages 1 and 2). This association becomes strongest as FM increases and WC increases than BMI and FFM. It is reported that physical exercise decreases due to an increase in labor difficulties related to COPD. The use of oral corticosteroids is also increasing, and the patient increases body weight and FM, undergoes removal of skeletal muscle and loses FFM

Compared to the general population, the prevalence of overweight and obesity was higher in the initial COPD population, but the BMI (GOLD 3 and 4) in moderate to severe COPD patients was lower. A low BMI value (<25 kg / m 2) appears to adversely affect prognosis. The strongest correlation seems to be related to the deterioration of FFM, usually associated with an overall reduction in BMI and a decrease in FM. In COPD and obesity, low-grade inflammation and arterial hypoxemia are associated with type 2 (rapid convulsions) from skeletal muscle tissue reduction, oxidative capacity of muscle fat, and type 1 muscle fibers (loose cramps) And changes in respiratory muscle properties. Lost

Physiological and metabolic factors associated with COPD and obesity seem to further reduce morbidity and mortality when combined. Clearly, these interactions are complex and further research is needed to deepen their understanding of these two situations.

The most severe MERS cases occur in adults aged 50 years or older who are suffering from diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, obesity, chronic respiratory disease, end stage renal disease or cancer, or adults receiving immunosuppressive therapy ( Supplement Appendix). Table S5). Elderly people and chronic respiratory disease are associated with death of infected patients 17 Mild and asymptomatic infections occur mainly in young healthy people, including health care workers 12,17 Clinical Cognitive infections are not common. The genetic risk factors of 24 hosts have not been documented so far

Chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and chronic respiratory disease account for over 85% of all deaths in the United States. In particular, obesity and asthma are one of the leading causes of preventable death in the United States, and account for the majority of medical expenses. In 2012, the cost of type 2 diabetes alone exceeded $ 245 billion. The private sector is beginning to develop tools to use digital health care to improve chronic disease management and the market is growing rapidly. These technologies such as activity tracking device, blood pressure and blood glucose monitor provide information necessary for patients to better manage their condition.

Chronic diseases are rapidly increasing all over the world. Non-communicable diseases including cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes, obesity, cancer and respiratory diseases account for 59% of the 57 million death annually and 46% of the world's disease burden (WHO, 2008) . (WHO, 2002), it is estimated that by 2020 the proportion of non-communicable diseases will increase to 57%. Obesity is a problem of public health in the population of the United States (Polednak, 2006). According to reports, about 65% of Americans are overweight and about 35% of university students are overweight (American University Health Association, 2008).