Microorganisms and Antibodies

There are five kinds of antibodies, IgG, IgM, IgD, IgE, and IgA. What distinguishes them from each other is the amino acid sequence found in the heavy chain Fc region. Since the effector function is dependent on the amino acid sequence in the Fc region, some of the functions they provide are class-specific. In general, antibodies have four major effector functions: neutralization of microorganisms and toxins, antibody mediated opsonization and microbial phagocytosis, antibody dependent cytotoxicity, and activation of the complement pathway.

Antibody: Protein produced by the human immune system when foreign bodies (called antigens) are detected. Examples of antigens include microorganisms (eg, bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses) and chemicals. If the immune system mistakenly targets healthy tissue, antibodies may be produced. This occurs in autoimmune diseases. Each type of antibody is unique and resistant to a particular type of antigen. Auxiliary device: A tool, product, or device type that helps someone perform a task or activity. They help individuals move around, watch, communicate, eat and dress. There are also high-tech tools such as computers (adaptable to various obstacles such as vision loss, flexibility / mobility problems). Others are simpler like "responders" - a tool that will help someone grab objects that are difficult to reach

Tfh (follicle assisting T) cells are immune cells important for the maturation of antibody producing B cells. Tfh cells can enhance the proliferation of B cells, thereby producing antibodies against unwanted microorganisms or particles. At the same time, Tfh cells block B cells that potentially produce harmful antibodies. ICOS is known to be essential for most Tfh cell function, but how it will occur is not yet known. By understanding ICOS more deeply, researchers will control antibody specificity and will be able to provide more effective vaccines and treatments for the range of autoimmune diseases such as lupus, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes Law can be developed.

An abnormal antibody may be found in the blood of rheumatoid arthritis patients with simple blood test. Antibodies called "rheumatoid arthritis factor" (RF) are found in 80% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis and rheumatoid factors are said to have "seropositive chronic rheumatoid arthritis". A patient who experiences rheumatoid arthritis and whose rheumatoid factor test is not positive is said to be "seronegative rheumatoid arthritis". Citrulline antibodies (also known as anti-citrulline antibodies, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies and anti-CCP antibodies) are present in 50% to 75% of people with rheumatoid arthritis. It can be used for the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis when assessing cases of unknown arthritis. In this case, the citrulline antibody has been thought to represent the early stages of rheumatoid arthritis.