Microbes and the human body

Effect of antibiotic drug ceftazidime on Staphylococcus aureus Antibiotics kill bacteria by disrupting cell walls (yellow remnants) (red)

Antibiotics are chemicals that kill bacteria or suppress growth and are used to treat bacterial infections. They are naturally produced by soil bacteria and fungi. As antibiotics lose competitiveness in competition, this gives benefits in competing microorganisms for competing food and water in certain habitats and other limited resources.

Antibiotics exploit the difference between bacterial cell structure and host cell

They prevent bacterial growth, leave the bacterial population intact, and allow host defense mechanisms to resist infection, or kills bacteria, such as by stopping the mechanism responsible for establishing cell walls .

Antibiotics can also be classified according to their range of effective pathogens. Penicillin G merely destroys only a few bacteria and is called a narrow-band antibiotic. Tetracyclines are effective against a wide variety of organisms and are known as broad spectrum antibiotics.

When bacteria are no longer suppressed by their previously sensitive antibiotics, it is called drug resistance. The emergence and spread of antibiotics continues to increase due to excessive use and abuse of antibiotics

Patient treatment with antibiotics can lead to microbial adaptation and death, which is known as "selective stress". If strains of bacterial species acquire resistance to antibiotics, it will survive treatment. As bacterial cells with acquired resistance proliferate, tolerance is conveyed to their offspring. Under ideal conditions, as few bacterial cells may divide every 20 minutes, after only 8 hours more than 16 million bacterial cells may be resistant to antibiotics.

Antibiotic tolerance may be intrinsic or acquired. Some bacteria are naturally resistant to some antibiotics due to their physiological properties. This is an essential resistance. Acquired resistance occurs initially when antibiotic-sensitive bacteria develop resistance. For example, resistance genes can be transferred from one plasmid to another or to resistance due to random spontaneous chromosomal mutations.

The presence of various microorganisms in the human body plays an important role in human health. Studies show that there is a significant difference in the types of different microbial species in each human microbiome of a healthy person. In the body, these microorganisms remain in various habitats because they are found in various parts of the skin such as skin, nose, mouth, intestine, vagina etc. Other microorganisms are symbiotic with the host, but some colonized human microorganisms are symbiotic. These interactions are important for human growth and health. This small review explains the microorganisms present in various human habitats and their role in maintaining human health.

The human body is made up of trillions of microorganisms. These microorganisms coexist not only peacefully with the human body but also benefit in several ways. They digest our food, coordinate our immune system, protect our skin from infection and help to play a role in obesity and severe digestive dilemmas. The main microbiomes are in the large intestine that help digestion, produce vitamins, and block harmful microorganisms. Skin and nose are other hotspots. Just because they squeeze out harmful bacteria, we die without beneficial bacteria. However, depending on environmental factors and lifestyle, the microflora varies from individual to individual. For example, studies have shown that children raised on farms are frequently exposed to microorganisms in the soil of farms, so that the rate of allergy and asthma is low, which reproduces the microflora. But time and exposure are also important

Because microorganisms exist at every stage of human life, microorganisms interact with human life. The vast majority of bacteria in the body become harmless through the protection of the immune system, and some are beneficial. In fact, the relationship between microorganisms and humans is subtle and complex. Biotechnology microbiology has made a great contribution to biotechnology, science of applying microbial genetics to biological processes to produce useful substances. Microorganisms play a central role in recombinant DNA technology and genetic engineering. The key tools for biotechnology are microbial cells, microbial genes, and microbial enzymes.