Lower Ball Joint

Ball joints are the most important parts in automotive steering systems and automotive suspension systems. The lower ball joint is a joint that connects the front of the wheel and the main shaft of the vehicle and allows the wheel to move freely. Due to the movement of the steering link, the ball joint is a flexible joint with ball and socket design. These lower ball joints are always made of hard steel and the bearing bolts and sockets are housed in a steel casing.

The kingpin tilt is the angle between the vertical plane and the line projected through the ball nodes above and below the yz plane, as shown in Figure 5.2.2. This represents the lateral inclination of the wheel as the wheel rotates about its axis. In contrast to the camber angle, the kingpin tilt is defined as positive when the shaft is tilted inward (Carroll, W., 2006). If the tilt angle of the kingpin is not zero, the car will be lifted when the current wheel faces in either direction, but as the amplitude of the tilt increases the effect will be amplified. In the case of forward leaning, the front wheels tend to bend forward of the steering wheel (Milliken, W. F. & Milliken, D. L., 1995). The effect is small, but it may be important in compact tracks like Formula Student.

The humerus is a bone of the upper arm. Form the ball and socket joint between the shoulder and shoulder blades and form the lower arm bone and elbow joint. The humerus and ulna are the two bones of the forearm. The ulna is located inside the forearm and forms a hinge joint with the tibia of the elbow. The radius should allow the forearm and hand to play with the wrist joint. The wrist bone forming the wrist bone and wrist joint is a set of eight small bones that adds flexibility to the wrist. The carpal bone forms a hand bone and is connected to five metacarpals connecting to each finger. In addition to the thumb, each finger has three bones called phalanx and the thumb has only two phalanges.