Kachru’s Concentric Circles Model: Implications for English Language Teaching in Expanding-Circle Countries

Introduction The unprecedented worldwide spread experienced in English over the past few years has paved the way for changes in the social linguistic characteristics of the language. In addition to the emergence of new varieties, the number of functional domains in which English plays a role also increased significantly (Sharma, 2008). At the present time, English is not only a tool for fulfilling domestic purpose, it is also a language institutionalized by several former British colonies, and a universal language used around the world.

According to Braj Kachru's World English Three-Loop model, World English is divided into three categories, including the inner circle representing the basis of traditional English, the country where English is not an official language but plays an important role, and the expanded circle It is classified as a concentric circle. It is used as a foreign language, it is used only for countries with a limited purpose, Malaysia is listed under the outer circle. This model shows that quite a few people use English as their primary language. According to Azirah Hashim, a professor of linguistics at the University of Malaya, English is being used for various functions of professional and social transactions not only in the international community but also in society. The quotation tells us that not only Malaysians use it as an international language, but also some people consider English as a local language.

Braj Kachru uses three circle models to distinguish between English-speaking countries. In his model, the "inner circle" country has many native English-speaking countries and the "outer circle" country has a small native English-speaking community, but education, broadcasting or It is widely used in local English as two languages. The purpose and "enlarged yen" country are many countries where learners learn English as a foreign language. Kachru's model is based on the history of English in various countries, how to obtain English of users, and how to use English in each country. Push these three circles over time