Integrated Circuits

In the 1940 's, computers occupied the entire building, but now mobile phone computers are more powerful, efficient and smaller than computers of the 1940' s. This development in computers and other electronic devices can result from the invention of integrated circuits. These are often called "microchips" and are improved as they are invented to be smaller and more powerful. Integrated circuits are one of the greatest inventions of the last century as they have had a major impact on technology through miniaturization and optimization of electronic products.

1969-1977 - Integrated circuit (IC) based technology. The first integrated circuit was demonstrated by Jack Kilby, inventor of Texas Instruments in 1958. It is 7/16 "wide and contains 2 transistors.Early integrated circuit technology example: Intel 4004, Dec pdp 8, CRAY 1 (1976) - 75 MHz with a peak speed of 160 MegaFlops (100 / s) 64 bit machine then 10,000 floating point arithmetic) was the fastest processor in the world, but now the circuit contains hundreds of thousands of transistors on a small material, the calculation has changed completely.

An integrated circuit is a special part that includes the entire electronic circuit including transistors, diodes, and other components, all of which are photoetched into small pieces of silicon. Integrated circuits are the basic elements of modern electronic equipment such as computers and mobile phones.

Transistors for each integrated circuit - The most common recipe is to double the number of transistors on an integrated circuit every two years. In the late 1970s, Moore's Law was called limiting the number of transistors in the most complex chip. The graph above shows that this trend still holds today. Density at the lowest cost per transistor - this is the formula given in the Moore 1965 paper. What can be achieved is not only transistor density, but also the lowest cost transistor density of each transistor. As more transistors are placed on the chip, the manufacturing cost of each transistor is reduced, but the possibility that the chip will fail due to a defect is increased. In 1965, Moore looked at the transistor density with the least cost and observed that as the lithography advances to make transistors smaller, this number increases at "about twice the rate per year".