Influenza, Avian Influenza, and the Impacts of Past and Looming Pandemics

Influenza, Avian Flu, and Past and Future Global Pandemic Disease Avian Flu is a devastating disease for humans since the 16th century. With the recent occurrence of the new H5N1 avian influenza subtype in 1997, the world began to prepare for pandemics by observing its past effects. In the 20th century, the world witnessed three pandemics in 1918, 1957, 1968. In 1918 no one knew about the vaccine, antibiotics, or a clear understanding of this disease. The H1N1 virus killed more than 40 million people in less than a year and there is a deep and permanent fear of viruses all over the world.

The influence of this epidemic is not limited to 1918-1919. Since then, all influenza A epidemics, virtually all cases of influenza A (except for human infection by avian influenza virus such as H5N1 and H7N7) are caused by descendants of the 1918 virus including "fallen" H1N1 Redistribute viruses and H2N2 and H3N2 viruses. The latter consists of an important gene from the virus of 1918, which is updated by the avian influenza gene thereafter and encodes a new surface.

Avian influenza (avian influenza) refers to diseases caused by avian influenza type A virus. These viruses are naturally found in wild waterfowl and may infect poultry and other birds and animals. In rare cases, avian influenza virus may infect people who cause disease. It usually occurs in people who are in direct or close contact with infected poultry. Influenza virus is constantly changing, and some changes may make it easier to spread avian influenza viruses from person to person. This can cause a pandemic or a pandemic

Influenza virus infection causes seasonal and pandemic influenza, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality in humans (1). The outbreak of avian influenza by highly pathogenic H5N1 and H7N9 viruses increases the risk of another influenza pandemic (2-4). The genome of influenza A virus (IAV) contains at least eleven proteins including hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), nuclear protein (NP), matrix proteins (M1 and M2), and nonstructural protein (NS1) Code. And NS 2), polymerase proteins (PA, PB 1 and PB 2) and PB 1 - F 2 (5, 6). Anti-influenza antiviral drugs that block the function of viral proteins such as NA and M2 to treat infectious diseases have been developed. However, due to its high variability, several seasonal influenza and avian influenza strains are showing resistance to current antiviral drugs (6 - 8). Therefore, designing a new therapy and identifying the target of infected cells is important for effective influenza control.

Influenza A virus hemagglutinin antagonizes type I interferon (IFN) response by inducing degradation of type I IFN receptor 1