Ice Beam in 4 Point Bending

Since the bending strength of sea ice is important to ice craft, understanding the mechanical properties of ice is important for the design of such ships. The main objective of this research is to numerically simulate four-point curve sea ice using SPH (Smooth Particle Fluid Dynamics), a meshless method with many advantages over conventional grid-based methods It was. Numerical results will be compared with the simulation of force, displacement and failure time of the initial in situ 4-point bending test results.

Fig. 4 shows the free body, shear, and bending moment of a straight beam subjected to a 4-point bending load. Note that this loading arrangement places the center of the beam in a "bent" state. That is, in the central region, the shear force is zero (V = 0) and the bending moment is constant (M = Fs (Lo - Li) / 4). Therefore, in this inner region, the principal stress is as follows. Thus, fθ can be determined by plotting number Z with fringe degree N and approximating the line to data using linear regression. If the data behaves "perfectly", the linear regression gives a slope equal to fθ and intercept = 0. Now it is possible to perform linear regression using scientific manual calculator and computer software such as EXCEL. Again, by completing Table 2, we will actually perform a linear regression on the linear beam data.

Beams are structural elements that mainly resist the loads applied transversely on the axis of the beam. The deflection mode is mainly curved. A reaction force is generated at the beam fulcrum due to the load applied to the beam. The total effect of all the forces acting on the beam is the occurrence of the shear moment and bending moment in the beam. This will cause internal stress, strain, and deflection of the beam. Beams are characterized by their supporting method, profile (shape of cross section), length, and their material.

Bending of the beam also affects the shape and effect of the beam. When the beam is actively bent, the beam bends downward, and pressure is applied to the cross section of the lower part of the beam. This is called "slack". However, a negative bend bends the beam upwards and applies more pressure to the upper section of the beam; this is called "hogging". Both of these can distort the beam and make the beam unsuitable for its use. There are many materials available in the building. Different materials have different objectives and are suitable for preventing occurrence of specific things in the structure and aesthetic of the building. The three most commonly used materials as building materials are as follows. Wood, plastic and metal