Heart regeneration☆

Regenerating an injured heart is a great hope for millions of patients suffering from heart disease. This is a challenging task, as the human heart has very limited regenerative ability. Many strategies have been developed to improve cardiac function. This review focuses on methods aimed at replacing damaged myocardium with new cardiomyocytes. Different strategies for the production of cardiomyocytes from human embryonic stem cells or human induced pluripotent stem cells by direct initialization and induction of cardiomyocyte proliferation make their therapeutic potential as well as their respective advantages and disadvantages To argue. In addition, various methods for transplanting pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes have been described and their clinical prospects are discussed. This article is part of the book "Cerebellar Cell Biology: Integration of Mind Development and Environmental Clue" edited by Marcus Schaub and Hughes Abriel.

The central problem of congenital heart regeneration over the years is whether the stem cell pool regenerates new cardiomyocytes. Years of studies did not find definitive proof of CPC with adult zebrafish. By contrast, the genetic fate mapping technique that permanently marks myocardial cells prior to injury clearly tracks the markers to the newly created myocardium (30, 31). Thus, most, if not all, of the new cardiomyocytes are regenerated from the division of the reserve cardiomyocytes. Given the cardiomyocyte division barrier in adult mammals, how can zebrafish and other lower vertebrates stimulate cardiomyocyte proliferation after injury? Adult zebrafish cardiomyocytes are smaller than mammalian cardiomyocytes, lack specific structural elements such as T-tubules, and are primarily monocytes, so you can reduce the threshold for success.

MRL mice can not prevent myocardial infarction; cardiac regeneration (cardiomyocyte production) in adult mammals is restricted because myocardial cells are almost finally differentiated. MRL mice showed the same amount of cardiac damage and scar formation as normal mice after a heart attack. However, recent studies have shown that this is not always the case, and evidence that MRL mice can be regenerated after cardiac injury. Regeneration of tissues and organs lost in the human body has been studied. Some tissues such as the skin are easily reproduced; others are considered to have little or no regenerative capacity, but ongoing research suggests that there is hope for various tissues and organs To do. Regenerated human organs including bladder, vagina and penis