Great Chain: Scala Naturae

Beginning with the ideas of Aristotle and various other philosophers, the idea of ​​"scala naturae" (Haaramo) was developed. This theory focuses on the concept of vertical ladder as a hierarchy of unilateral life forms. Since the Middle Ages, a large chain of existence has developed and reached that height in the Elizabethan era (Haaramo). The concept of this theory is objective and is based purely on the ranking of developmental stages of life forms (Carlin). This is true, but Queen Elizabeth used their higher ranking and adopted the theory to adapt to their lives.

There are two main theories to compare the intelligence of animals. Phylogenetic-based method: Because people have tried to organize the animal kingdom into a series of intelligence or "Scala Natura" great existence chains. As he explained in the origin of species in 1859, the phylogenetic scale now known as intelligence is based on Darwin's theory of evolution. As intelligence plays an adaptive role, a reasonable assumption is that as more animals evolve it becomes more intelligent. For example, we evolved from homosexuals about 100,000 years ago, and we are smarter than them. However, I understood that it is not so. In fact, evolution encourages that trees are not a linear structure of organisms and their characteristics.

In contrast to Platonic style and Aristotle's essence, the first concept of natural species is developed in the natural paradigm. Taxonomic groups are part of the chain. Tournefort (1700) named the Rosaceae "all plants with ordinary flowers, not even Umbellifer and Crucifera plant, lilies or flower blossoms." John Ray (1703 :) Ray (1686-1704) and Buffon (1765: 1) emphasize the phylogenetic relationship as a particularly important criterion for continuously identifying seeds, but many attributes Commonality (plura habera attributa communia) is the most reliable way. Adamson (1763) emphasized the relevance of multiple classifications and features instead, Lamarck (1809) later developed the principle of cutting large chains into order, family, genus and species - he called the classification process thing

Traditionally the general image is a natural step located on the head of a human being where various species of animals are consecutively a natural step occupying a higher step. However, instead of using this arbitrary level, it seems more effective to understand cognitive ability as adapting to different niches (see Shettleworth (1998), Reznikova (2007)). Regardless of whether it is fair or not, animal performance is often compared to human performance in cognitive tasks. Naturally, our nearest relatives, apes, tend to behave like humans. In birds, crows and parrots often work well in human-like work. In some chapters, it has also been proven to have many more advanced skills such as how to use the tool, but the number of crowded intelligence studies is still limited.