Germs, Genes and Civilization by David Clark

David Clark, author of "bacteria, genes, and civilization" explains the importance of disease and epidemic throughout history. Most diseases and infectious diseases have played a major role in creating history, but most people are not noticed. Clark thinks that plus and minus influences have influenced our growing world due to its plague. Mr. Clark explained that illness is a relatively new theory to evolve as urban and agriculture develop. Along with the growth of industry and agriculture, plague has had a positive and negative impact on history.

In germline gene therapy (GGT), germ cells (sperm cells or egg cells) are modified by introducing functional genes into their genome. Modification of the germ cells results in all the living cells including the altered gene. Therefore, this change is hereditary and is passed on to future generations. For technical and ethical reasons, Australia, Canada, Germany, Israel, Switzerland, and the Netherlands are subject to GGT, including inadequate knowledge of the risks that future generations may face and the risks associated with SCGT It is forbidden to use for human beings. In particular, beyond the FDA's general treatment guidelines, there is no Federal government regulation, specifically addressing human genetic modification.

Gene therapy involves providing functional genes to cells lacking this function to correct inherited or acquired diseases. Gene therapy can be broadly divided into two categories. The first is a change in germ cells, sperm or ova, which leads to permanent genetic change throughout the organism and offspring. Many people believe that this "germline gene therapy" is immoral to humans. The second type of gene therapy, 'somatic gene therapy' is similar to organ transplantation. In this case, one or more specific tissues are targeted by direct treatment or removal of tissues, addition of therapeutic genes in the laboratory, or return of the treated cells to the patient. Clinical trials of somatic cell gene therapy began in the late 1990s and is mainly used for the treatment of cancer and diseases of the liver and lung.

The gene therapy boom of the 1990s produced two fundamental ethical differences. First, researchers differentiated genetically engineered cell lines from genetically engineered cells. Modification of the germ line is not used to treat individual diseases but is used to prevent (or to reduce the risk of) a disease in a future individual. However, unlike preventive public health measures such as quarantine, intervention genomes are at high risk of causing unintended consequences. The genome is like an ecosystem, and each element is ultimately linked to other elements. Therefore, a destructive change due to carelessness may be considered to damage other people's genome without consent. However, if somatic cell gene therapy turns out to be safe in the end, Anderson is willing to consider germline modification. The second difference is that gene therapy is only used to treat diseases, not to improve or change normal characteristics.