From Unilineal Cultural Evolution to Functionalism

From single culture to functionalism, several anthropological theories emerged at the beginning of the 20th century. The most important of these is functionalism. Bronislaw Malinowski was a famous anthropologist in the UK at that time and had a great influence on the development of this theory. Malinowski suggests that individuals have certain physiological needs and cultural developments to meet these needs. Malinowski believes that these needs are protection from nutrients, reproductive, shelter and enemies.

At the beginning of the 20th century, a systematic critical investigation period was created and a comprehensive summary of a single theory of social and cultural evolution was rejected. Cultural anthropologists like Franz Boas (1858-1942) and his students, including Ruth Benedict and Margaret Mead are considered to be leaders of anthropology rejecting classical social evolution. They used complex ethnographic magazines and more rigorous empirical methods to prove that Spencer, Taylor, Morgan's theory is speculative and systematically distorted ethnographic data. The theory of 'stage' of evolution has been particularly criticized as fancy. In addition, they refuse to distinguish between "primitive" and "civilized" (or "modern"), that so-called primitive modern societies have the same history as the so-called civilized society and likewise evolutionary I point out.

The scientific classification established by Carl Linnaeus is a necessary condition for every human classification scheme. In the 19th century, single row evolution (aka, classical social evolution) was a mixture of competition sociology and anthropology theory, and suggested that Western European culture is the ultimate evolution of human society culture. Social status is singular, from primitive to civilized, from agriculture to industry, and is popular among philosophers such as Friedrich Hegel, Immanuel Kant, Auguste Comte. From the 1920's to the 1950's, the Christian Bible was often used before the war in southern United States like Richard Furman and Thomas R. Writers like Cobb will strengthen the disadvantages created by blacks. And it is suitable for slavery

Today, most anthropologists refuse three assumptions of the concept of progress in the 19th century and single marching. After the stewards, they seriously considered the relationship between culture and the environment and explained various aspects of culture. However, most modern cultural anthropologists adopt a general system approach that considers culture to be an emerging system and thinks that the entire social environment, including political and economic relations between cultures, must be considered . Due to the simple concept of 'progressive evolution', more modern and complex cultural evolution theory (such as the double inheritance theory described below) has been little attention in social science, and in some cases more humane things It gives way to. Method Some people refuse the entire evolutionistic thought but focus on historical emergencies, contact with other cultures, and the operation of cultural symbolic systems.