From genes to ecosystems: the ocean's new frontier

Application of new molecular technologies and genomic technologies to the ocean is promoting the scientific revolution in marine microbiology. The scope of discovery extends from the previously unknown biota and new metabolic pathways to a deeper understanding of the basic genetic and functional diversity of marine microorganisms. "Marine genotype" represents only potential biological capacity and imposes an upper limit on possible pathways and incidence of ecosystems. The realization of marine ecosystem structure and function, the "marine phenotype" reflects individuals and populations, their physical and chemical environment, and the complex interactions between them. Therefore, close cooperation with interdisciplinary ocean research is necessary to make full use of abundant new genome data. Incorporating information from environmental genomics, target process research, and ocean observation systems into numerical models will improve ocean prediction of environmental disturbance response. Integrating information from genes, populations and ecosystems is a major challenge for oceanography.

Ocean - New Frontier is exploring how human society pushes the limits of the ocean, trying to utilize all its resources, minerals, fisheries, fuel, and genetic material. New discoveries, technologies, national strategies, and ecological demands continue to redefine the boundaries of the ocean. Increasing the dependence on human dependence on marine resources, blurring the boundary between the continent and the sea

Application of new molecular technologies and genomic technologies to the ocean is promoting the scientific revolution in marine microbiology. The scope of discovery extends from the previously unknown biota and new metabolic pathways to a deeper understanding of the basic genetic and functional diversity of marine microorganisms. "Marine genotype" represents only potential biological capacity and imposes an upper limit on possible pathways and incidence of ecosystems. The realization of marine ecosystem structure and function, the "marine phenotype" reflects individuals and populations, their physical and chemical environment, and the complex interactions between them. Therefore, close cooperation with interdisciplinary ocean research is necessary to make full use of abundant new genome data. Integrating information from genes, populations and ecosystems is a major challenge for oceanography.

Marine ecosystems are the most common, accounting for 75% of the Earth's surface and consist of three basic types: shallow sea, deep sea and deep sea. Shallow sea ecosystems include very biologically diverse coral reef ecosystems. Small photosynthetic organisms floating in sea water collectively called phytoplankton account for 40% of all photosynthesis on the earth. The deep-sea ecosystem contains various marine organisms. These ecosystems are very deep and light can not reach them