Face Negotiation Theory, Relational Dialectics, Conflict Management Styles

William James said, "Whenever you collide with someone, there is a factor that makes a difference between destroying and deepening your relationship, this factor is an attitude." Process mediators should not change party attitudes, but they can show them in various ways, which leads to changes in attitudes and conflict resolution. The mediator needs to understand that there are many contradictions and by understanding these concepts and theories they can mediate the dispute in a more thorough and more appropriate way.

The face-to-face negotiation theory focuses on how individuals with individualistic and collectivist culture negotiate in the context of conflict. Based on face management, the theory explains how different culture people manage dispute negotiations to maintain their faces. Self-expression and other concerns explain dispute negotiations among people of different cultures. Group thinking may occur if a very coherent group can not consider alternatives that may effectively solve group dilemmas. Group thinking theorists believe that group members often have similar ideas and are reluctant to share unpopular or different ideas with others. When this happens, the group makes decisions too soon, some of which may result in permanent results

Face negotiation theory highlights the conflicting style differences between collectivist culture and individualist culture. Colististic culture gives collective values, so avoid or combine collisions to give others a common aspect. Individualist culture gives individual values ​​and strives to protect themselves in terms of the way they lead conflict. "Framework" is defined as the way we interpret the media presented, and these frameworks serve as a way to organize social meaning. As the media decides how we see and see, they also affect how we interpret the information. In a sense, they tell us what to consider and how to think about it.

Face negotiation theory was established by Stella Ting-Toomey to discuss how people with different cultural backgrounds take communication and manage conflicts. In 1985, Stella Ting Toomey explained in the theory that differences and conflicts are usually caused by identity management at the level of individualism and collectivism. Various aspects characterizing individuals or groups are called "faces". As a public image of an individual or a group, society as a whole evaluates according to cultural norms and the value of each culture of people. According to Ting-Toomey, the difference between individualism and collectivist culture is that the former is paying more attention to the individual's face, while the latter pay more attention to the collective welfare (Gudykunst , 2005).