Evolution of Marketing Models

Introduction Marketing is an important function for every organization. With marketing work, customers will be able to expect and expect the company's products. Marketing decisions can be made based on certain predefined theories and models that allow marketers to make informed decisions (Van Bruggen and Wierenga 2000). The term "marketing model" refers to any chart, mathematical or tabular representation (Lazer 1962) that provides information to users in a logical way.

Historically, two important models have been proposed to explain the evolution of Homo sapiens. These are "out of Africa" ​​model and "multi-region" model. "Out of Africa" ​​model is currently the most widely accepted model. It suggests that Homo sapiens evolved in Africa before moving to the world. This is still a field of active research, but current genome evidence supports a single "out-of-Africa" ​​movement of contemporary people rather than "multilateral" models. Genomic studies of the primitive human Neanderthals and Denisovans of extinction showed that in Europe and Asia the genome (1-3%) is mixed with humans. This hybridization between two previously isolated populations is called "mixture" and results in genetic mixing between populations.

The most basic model of discrete character evolution is called Mk model. The feature data was first developed by Pagel (1994; the name Mk is derived from Lewis in 2001). The Mk model is a direct simulation of Jukes-Cantor (JC) model for sequence evolution. This model is suitable for discrete characters with k unordered states. Such characters can have k = 2, k = 3, or more states. Evolution includes switching between these k states (Figure 7.3). The basic version of the Mk model assumes that the transition between these states follows the Markov process. In other words, the probability of transitioning from one state to another depends only on the current state, not on the previous state. For example, there is no difference if the pedigree has just evolved the "feather" characteristics, or has centuries of feathers. In both cases, the probability that different character states evolve is the same.

Figure 2.1: Diagram of the state model The state model shows the rate of change of state as a function of state. The figure on the left shows the change in state over time. The diagram on the right shows the change in state with respect to each other, the speed of which is indicated by an arrow. Decided. This problem was solved by the emergence of chaos theory. When the development of kinetics continued to evolve in the 20th century, we found that simple dynamic systems are very sensitive to initial conditions, and small perturbations may cause dramatic changes in system behavior . The operation of the system may become very complicated. The emergence of chaos solves the problem of determinism. Even if the solution is uniquely determined by initial conditions, it is virtually impossible to make predictions on the sensitivity of these initial conditions.