Estimating the Social Rate of Return to R&D in the Coal, Petroleum and Nuclear Energy Industries According to Country and Time Period

Literature review To determine the best investment in R & D, it is necessary to study the rate of return on R & D investment. Jones and Williams estimated the impact of non-optimal investment using the endogenous growth model of the 1998 papers "Measuring Social Research and Development Yields". In this article we will use a similar growth model for research to estimate social revenue rather than personal revenue. As mentioned above, the reason for this difference is that social benefits include a positive ripple effect.

Bloom, Schankerman and Van Reenen (2012), the ratio of the best R & D expenditure to GDP is two to four times the actual expenditure, says: Because its impact is dominant, the total social revenue in R & D is at least twice the private revenue. We estimate that the social revenue of R & D exceeds private profit. This means that R & D investment is inadequate and the social optimum level is more than twice the observed R & D level.

• Private investment in environmental R & D is inadequate. In the market alone, we can not obtain the most profitable R & D investment for society as a whole. The private rate of return on R & D investment does not bring sufficient social benefit to this investment (72), private investment in R & D will be below suboptimal level. Environmental research and development is also offered by the market. Many of the environmental benefits are out of the market. In other words, it consumes 70 people and does not reduce the ability of others to consume. 71 We can not prohibit you from benefiting from good. 72 For example, some of the advantages of investment are not on the market / fully priced, as new technologies and processes can be cheaply imitated by others.

It is difficult to predict the progress of R & D, and the potential benefits of energy efficiency may depend on financial investment and market priorities. In order to estimate PM energy consumption for this bandwidth analysis, we conducted research on R & D activities in the aluminum industry. The focus of this research is applied research, which is defined as research on new technologies to achieve a specific purpose. Do not think about basic research while looking for unknown facts and principles without considering business purpose. Many of the discovered technologies are disqualified as there is no data that could lead to conclusions on energy conservation. Appendix A3 explains a series of methods and calculation methods for evaluating evaluation.

Bandwidth study of energy usage and potential energy saving opportunities in lightweight material manufacturing: aluminum