Essays on environmental degradation and economic development

This paper is a contribution to discussion on environmental deterioration and development. It focuses on determinants of environmental degradation and macroeconomic impact. It consists of two parts. Part 1 will analyze the impact of education and democracy on the quality of the environment. Chapter 1 analyzes the role of education in the quality of the environment. There is no evidence that education has an impact on carbon dioxide emissions. However, this influence mainly depends on samples of each country, depending on its development level. Even though the impact of developing countries is still very small, education is essential for carbon dioxide emissions in developed countries. Furthermore, when managing the quality of democratic institutions, the positive impact of education on carbon emissions will be relaxed in developed countries, but there is no big difference in developing countries. Chapter 2 explains the impact of the democratic system on the quality of the environment. We prove that democratic institutions have a direct and positive influence on the quality of the environment. For local pollutants, this favorable impact is stronger than global pollutants. Even more interestingly, it identifies indirect paths where democracy influences the deterioration of the environment. In fact, democracy has indirectly and adversely affected the protection of the environment through income inequality and investment, as popular redistribution and taste for economic policy increases. In the second part, we will provide two papers on the impact of environmental policy and climate change on development. In chapter 3, we will study the impact of climate change on food security. The results show that climate change will reduce food security in developing countries. Adverse effects of sub-Saharan African countries are higher than those of other developing countries. Secondly, the negative impact of climate change on food security is exacerbated in countries facing conflict and worsened in countries where food price shocks are vulnerable. In Chapter 4, we provide new evidence on the impact of the gap of trade policy environmental policy between trading partners. In previous papers we used a partial measure of environmental regulation (input-oriented or output-oriented metric), but we calculated national environmental policy indicators. The result shows that similarity of environmental policy does not affect the flow of bilateral trade. Furthermore, the result seems not to be affected by the degree of development of the trading country and the characteristics of the exported goods (finished goods and goods).

For developing countries, two types of environmental issues are particularly important. The first problem concerns environmental degradation and water stress caused by population growth and economic development. The second is the effect of global warming such as short-term climate disaster increase, long-term temperature, rainfall, sea level change. Bevan considers climate change measures to be less expensive for low-income countries than people expected. The ambitious World Bank economic research project "Economics for climate change adaptation" means that the cost of climate change will be between 0.12% and 0.17% of the total GDP of developing countries between 2010 and 2050 It shows that. This is not an easy thing, but Bevan thinks that it is unlikely to become a "game changer" compared to the challenges already faced by LIC.

This paper is a contribution to discussion on environmental deterioration and development. It focuses on determinants of environmental degradation and macroeconomic impact. It consists of two parts. Part 1 will analyze the impact of education and democracy on the quality of the environment. Chapter 1 analyzes the role of education in the quality of the environment. There is no evidence that education has an impact on carbon dioxide emissions. However, this influence mainly depends on samples of each country, depending on its development level. Even though the impact of developing countries is still very small, education is essential for carbon dioxide emissions in developed countries. Furthermore, when managing the quality of democratic institutions, the positive impact of education on carbon emissions will be relaxed in developed countries, but there is no big difference in developing countries. For local pollutants, this favorable impact is stronger than global pollutants.