Environmentality: technologies of government and the making of subjects

In Kumaon in northern India, the villagers raised hundreds of forest fires in the early 1920's to protest the environmental protection regulations of the British government during the colonial era. However, in the 1990's, they began to defend the forests seriously. In the history of technological innovation and political research, Arun Agrawal analyzed this dramatic change. He explained and explained the emergence of environmental identity and the relationship between state and local relations and shows how they are related. By so doing he proved that we can combine shared property, political ecology and feminist environmental protection scholarship to better understand the change of protection activities - he called the environmental approach -. This understanding far exceeds Kumaon: Local people in more than 50 countries are making similar efforts to protect their environmental resources.

Agrawal incorporates environmental and development studies, new institutional economics, and Foucault's power and subjective theory into his ethnographic and historical research. He visited approximately 40 villages in Kumaon, where he evaluated the state of the village's forest, interviewed hundreds of cumanis, and examined local records. Through his extensive excursion and record keeping survey, he can change how the decentralization strategy relates relationships between state and province, community decision makers and ordinary residents, and individuals and the environment I showed. In exploring these changes and their importance, Agrawal has established an environmental political theory enhanced by focusing on interrelationships among power, knowledge, institution, and subject matter.

The government can influence people's behavior and subjective well-being by convincing the public that they are trying to solve certain economic and social problems. Regarding environmental pollution, Ben Zhe Wang and Zhiming Cheng use China's GSS in 2010 and 2013 to test the severity of environmental problems, degree of government effort, personal well-being, and environmentally friendly behavior Did. They discovered that the seriousness of environmental problems has little to do with subjective happiness, but the efforts of central and state governments to reduce environmental concerns have led to the development of happiness, willingness to pay for environmentally friendly products, It is positively related to protection activities. They suggested that the government should improve communication to help citizens better understand government efforts.

Although there is wide agreement, the concept of public participation in environmental decision making has been continually criticized against the practical outcome of participatory environmental governance. Critics argue that citizen participation tends to concentrate on reaching consensus among actors seeking the same result, sharing the same value. However, in many cases, participants have very different views on problems and solutions as they enter the discussion table, and these views are rarely included in the consensus due to differences, so many environments The uncertainty of the problem detracts from the effectiveness of general participation. Position incompatibility This raises the question of whether the agreement should be a measure of the success result.

Europe and North America passed a law requiring public participation in environmental decisions that require public access to government environmental information. Similar measures at the international level include the Rio Declaration and the 1998 Aarhus Convention. This promises to increase publicly available environmental information and increase public involvement in government decisions affecting the environment. In the 1990s, the Internet became a major means for spreading environmental information to the public.