Electrochemistry of Voltammetric Biosensors used for the Measurement of Blood Glucose Concentration

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia caused by insulin secretion, action, or both (American Diabetes Association, 2010). In 2011, the prevalence of Americans with diabetes was estimated at 25.8 million or 3%. If the current trend continues, by 2050 one in three American adults is predicted to be diagnosed with diabetes (American Diabetes Association, 2014). In 2012, the cost of global health problems was diagnosed as $ 245 billion in the US patients in 2012.

The biosensor was originally remodeled by Clark and Lyon of Cincinnati Children's Hospital. The glucose biosensor consists of an oxygen electrode coated with a thin layer of glucose oxidase and an outer dialysis membrane. Reduced oxygen concentration is used as a measure of glucose concentration in blood or urine samples. The main disadvantage is the operational possibility that hydrogen peroxide and oxygen in the sample are insufficient. High operational possibilities of biosensors are disturbed by drugs such as ascorbic acid, uric acid, acetaminophen. These problems resulted in the development of second generation sensors such as ferrocene, ferricyanide, quinine, tetrathia fullerene, tetracyanoquinodimethane, thioindigo and methylene blue via electron mediators to obtain improved ones It was. Overcoming the use of mediators in third generation biosensors due to direct electron transfer reaction between performance enzyme and electrodes

Blood glucose monitoring is a method of measuring blood glucose concentration. In the treatment of diabetes it is most important to carry out a blood glucose test by puncturing the skin or aspirating blood into the finger and then applying the blood to a chemically active, disposable "specimen". All insulating materials break at some applied voltage "Dielectric strength" is the voltage that a material can withstand before dielectric breakdown. Dielectric strength is measured as the thickness of the material and is usually expressed as a voltage gradient. Dielectric strength of the housing is affected by temperature and ambient humidity, voids and foreign matter in the housing, test conditions, so it is difficult to compare data from various sources. The test variables include the electrode configuration and the shape of the housing, the frequency of application of the test voltage and the applied speed.