Decreasing Albedo in European Cities

The earth is now changing from most rural areas to most urban areas. Compared to 2000, the urbanization area will increase nearly threefold in 2030 (Seto et al., 2012). When using dark building materials such as asphalt and concrete, albedo occurs in the urbanized area lower than the natural environment. The low albedo raises the ambient temperature and the global temperature. Instead, we can increase albedo and support climate stabilization efforts by replacing the traditional film of roofing membranes and paving with bright materials and future wise urban development plans.

Urban planning and construction should minimize urban impact on the surrounding environment (urban heat island, precipitation etc.) and optimize ecological activities. For example, increasing the urban albedo capacity or reflective capacity will minimize urban heat islands and, as a result, less urban heat island influence in urban areas. By minimizing these abnormal temperature trends and other trends, ecological environment activity may be improved in the urban environment.

Urbanization in medieval Europe shows continuity between the early cities and modern European urban systems. However, many of the space, political and economic features of medieval European cities were unique to the Middle Ages and then changed with the early modern revolution and industrial revolution. Demographic studies have a long tradition of estimating the size of the medieval European urban population Comparative analysis of these data has great implications for the long-term evolution of urban systems. However, it is rare to systematically link the next step, that is to say the size of the population of these cities, with their spatial and socioeconomic features. This raises a series of interesting questions as it is observed that both modern and ancient cities follow region - population relations predicted by residential size theory.