Content Summary:

"A major change in Europe has brought a new, more vivid era in the Middle Ages, as European trade has increased, European people rediscovered classical knowledge of ancient Greece and Rome, The power and learning, known as the Renaissance, created new concerns about individuals who led new ideas about religion These ideas caused a struggle in Christianity called religious reform "(Ramirez, Stearns, Wineburg, 2008)

The movement and movement of people after Black Pest and the Crusaders encouraged the development of a more global culture. In this module, I will learn about the influence of cultural and religious change in Europe after the Middle Ages. (Ramirez, Stearns, Wineburg, 2008)

In Italy, the development of wealthy trade cities and a new way of thinking contributed to the revival of Renaissance art and learning.

The Italian Renaissance art and architecture did not adopt a single style or method. On the contrary, in the works from 1350 to 1550, attitude changes were seen. The attitude of the Renaissance to people's values ​​influenced artists and architects. These talented people compete against each other for paid work, fame and wealth. The theme is beyond religious scenes beyond their place in reality people and nature. In addition, the work produced is not only for the glory of God but also for people to appreciate. (Ramirez, Stearns, Wineburg, 2008)

By the Italian Renaissance, art and architecture has entered the present age. Not only are these paintings, sculptures and architecture not only beautiful but also moving, it also reflects the competition, achievement and contemporary people's interest in the world around us.

Trade and printing expanded the Renaissance to northern Europe other than Italy and had various influences on artists and writers. By 1500, the growth of cities in Europe has expanded. The flow of trade to the inside and outside of the city brought it, the idea of ​​the Renaissance. Soon the movement of Italian craftsmen spread to the northern city of London. The leaders of the Northern Renaissance include Johannes Gutenberg, Erasmus, Sir Thomas More, William Shakespeare, Christine de Pisan, Albrecht Dürer, Jan van Eyck and Petrarch. (Ramirez, Stearns, Wineburg, 2008)

Protestant reform is an objection to the criticism of the Roman Catholic Church. Religious reform brought about political and religious change. (Hillbrand, 1968)

Many Catholics are aware of the need to reform the church and their work reaffirms the Catholic faith. (Hillbrand, 1968)

Myers, P. (2007). The history of the resurrection medieval and contemporary (pp. 251 - 274). Boston: Jin. (Original published in 1905)

Ramirez, S. , Stearns, P .; Goldberg, S .; (2008). World history of the Renaissance and reform Holt: Heritage of mankind (pp. 434 - 463). Austin, Texas: Holt, Reinhardt, Winston

To review the importance of personal, political and economic rights by summary of content and reasons, it is necessary to review the responsibilities of individuals and citizens. In order for the constitutional democracy of the United States to prosper and to realize its ideal, citizens not only recognize their rights, but also exercise these rights with responsibility, and autonomy, freedom, justice We need to fulfill the personal and civic responsibilities we need. Citizens have to review the fundamental values ​​and principles of the Constitution of the United States and monitor the actions of political leaders and government agencies to ensure loyalty to them. In addition, they examine their own behaviors related to these values ​​and principles, and state that their responsibility may require their individual rights, aspirations or benefits to be subject to common interests Learn to handle properly.

Executive Summary and theoretical grounds The purpose of constitutional democracy in the United States is to further review the constitutional principles and to improve the performance of political leaders and government agencies to ensure citizens allegiance to the values ​​and principles of the Constitution It is to monitor. In addition, they must check their behavior and loyalty to these values ​​and principles. Citizens also need to check that their responsibility may require that their personal needs or benefits be subject to common interests. In order to make these judgments, it is necessary to understand the difference between the responsibilities of individuals and citizens, and to strengthen these responsibilities.